tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76478261407003044962024-03-13T14:17:30.026-07:00Calvin Cycle - NSFfunding.com, National Science Foundation Evaluation of Blue Book FormulaThis blog supports NSFfunding.com's website, Francis K. Fong's report to President Clinton on National Science Foundation's evaluation of MIT Chemistry Professor John Deutch's connections for using monies from Treasury to keep afloat Calvin cycle. A Ponzi scheme, the Calvin cycle was established in the 1950's by Purdue trustees' development of the Blue Book formula with MIT for federal re-imbursements paid to university foundations. The report contributed to Deutch's removal as CIA director.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12877068353808561816noreply@blogger.comBlogger13125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7647826140700304496.post-79507374767001129382012-09-13T12:22:00.002-07:002014-09-05T08:08:56.973-07:00NSFfunding.com's Proposal Website (Archival): The Calvin cycle, six decades of defrauding the Internal Revenue Service<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In mid-August, 2012, the author Francis K. Fong concluded his investigation of the driver mechanism, manned by Executive agents to enforce the Calvin cycle through the past six decades to render impotent the United States' research and development of photosynthesis as an alternative energy. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">On September 13, 2012, he merged NSFfunding.com, <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/">www.NSFfunding.com</a>, with CalvinCycle.org, <a href="http://www.calvincyle.org/">www.CalvinCyle.org</a>, to alert new generations of scientists of opportunities in research never before funded by the federal agencies. This, the field of photosynthesis, was made available by his finding of the Calvin cycle, a funding scheme to penetrate the U.S. Treasury, upon his corroboration of Calvin and Pon's 1959 conclusion, that photosynthesis occurs by a reductive system as yet unknown. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">This post is an archival (exact and true) copy of NSFfunding.com's Proposal Website dated September 13, 2012. It proposes a complete solution to the Calvin cycle, the dark path of carbon in plant photosynthesis that is attributed, but in fact contrary, to the Nobel Prize winning work of Melvin Calvin. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In the late 1970's the author Francis K. Fong worked closely with Professor Calvin on solving the puzzle as follows. Even while Fong had corroborated Calvin in their original research findings pointing to the conclusion that photosynthesis is, of course, a light reaction, the community of photosynthesis research workers insisted on a scheme of dark photosynthesis. The key is financial gain. For complying under the Executive agents' enforcement of the Calvin cycle, for which they were richly rewarded by the tens and millions of research dollars disbursed by the U.S. Government to make dark photosynthesis the peer review standard of all future photosynthesis research. The author founded NSFunding.com to find a way for correcting that future, redirecting the federal funding of plant photosynthesis as a light reaction consistent with the research findings published in the original papers by Calvin, Fong and their co-workers. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #33bbff;"><b>HOME of Calvin cycle, dark
photosynthesis</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #aaff00;"><span style="color: black;">Beering on
making of the Calvin cycle</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;"><b>Website on work funded by NSF done in
performance of an IR Code </b><a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/01/contract-with-treasury.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;"><b>Sec. 7623 contract</b></span></a><b>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #0000cc; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">U.S. Treasury's recovery of losses from Calvin cycle</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #0000cc;">A proposal synopsis</span></span></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><b><span style="color: #0061b4;"><a href="http://www.google.com/profiles/frankkfong?hl=en">Francis K. Fong</a></span></b></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Foreword</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">On
July 16, 2004, assisted by IRS Acting Chief Counsel Emily Parker's capable
staff, the author Francis K. Fong caused to have IRS Executive Bobby Hunt issue
a directive, Re: Code Section 7623 Contract, to authorize Fong's detection of
the Calvin cycle, the dark reaction in photosynthesis. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In
1995, President William J. Clinton <b><a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/01/contract-with-treasury.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">authorized</span></a></b>
this contract <b><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWRDhxbEhDeVJTbE0/edit"><span style="color: #0061b4;">based
on</span></a></b> Fong's March 23, 1995 letter to IR Commissioner Margaret
Richardson ("<a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWVTFlbTNYd01lOWs/edit"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">the
1995 report</span></b></a>") relating the Calvin cycle to Indiana Associate
Justice Frank Sullivan's role in vitiating plaintiffs' standing in <u>Brenner v.
Powers</u> (1992), Ind.App., 584 at n.1, by falsifying Munster Medical Research
Foundation's not-for-profit status. The uncovering of this role resulted in
Senator Lugar's State Director Keith Luse's <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWZDBmM2ZkMGQtODE5YS00Y2M4LWEwYTYtNzM0ZTJiNzdlZmIx/edit"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">commitment</span></b></a>
of a GAO review, which in turn resulted in the murder of Mr. Don MacLauchlan,
vice-president of Carbon Reduction, who sponsored the NSF proposal on Fong's <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/02/how-author-francis-k-fong-discovered.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;"><b>discovery</b></span></a> of the Calvin
cycle.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In the
fall of 2004, Fong arranged with IR Commissioner Mark Everson to identify
the Department of Justice officer responsible for the coordinated action with
NSF Office of Inspector General to <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWX1QteDhSNDhfOUk/edit"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">disable</span></b></a>
the parties' performance of the Section 7623 contract. They set in motion the
arrangement for the DOJ officer and Judge James T. Moody to use two Notices of Federal
Tax Lien in <u>United States v. Francis K. Fong</u> - 2:2008cv00082 ("cv082").
The purpose was to nail the DOJ officer for directing the court's (Moody) use of
a fictitious docket in Woodmar Realty Company's bankruptcy proceedings to grant
fictitious petitioners the $48,903.81 from a Treasury account to further the
Calvin cycle, known since the 1970's as an NSF fraud, a bribery-conspiracy to
defraud the IRS. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fortunately, despite the federal
judge-recusal laws, in March of 2009, Judge Moody whom Fong had in open court
confronted as a <b><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/01/documentation-beerings-attributions-of.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">Woodmar
recipient</span></a></b>, that species of bribe-taker who specialized in
cannibalizing Woodmar's assets, stayed on as the presiding judge in cv082
to enter a judgment on the order of $100,000 against the defendant Fong in
cv082. As a result, the parties to the contract, the United States and Fong,
identified the DOJ officer as Deputy Assistant U.S. Attorney General John A.
DiCicco, and unraveled the mechanism by which Mr. DiCicco directed the court's
abbreviation of the tape evidence in its evidence vault to use the fictitious
Woodmar docket for a local state judge by the name of Tom Busch to implement an
<a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2009/12/nationwide-counsel-kyrouacs-knowledge.html"><span style="color: blue;"><b>agreement</b></span></a>, which entails Justice Sullivan's
certification of a fictitious order to supplant the Indiana Supreme Court's
"Alternative Writ of Mandamus." Moody, who was named in Purdue President Steven
Beering's <a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/01/contract-with-treasury.html"><span style="color: blue;"><b>three-part
statement</b></span></a><b> </b>on making of the Calvin
cycle<b>,</b> has been a reckless recipient of the proceeds from the
Calvin cycle since the 1970's.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>I.
Introduction</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB7_W0mPjZ3wHdSxeZNGDViocqqnrbuZjy2Kv8dwYK27hPbj5EsnyQ6AbuMgUhMRYuzaDqXoLYb9zJRTWn8k3MTarVgO2gzBPHoBqP3ZB-q2NU4hEdL6sFvYUCDe8OkkWKXAnU_9A_HsY/s1600/Fong.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB7_W0mPjZ3wHdSxeZNGDViocqqnrbuZjy2Kv8dwYK27hPbj5EsnyQ6AbuMgUhMRYuzaDqXoLYb9zJRTWn8k3MTarVgO2gzBPHoBqP3ZB-q2NU4hEdL6sFvYUCDe8OkkWKXAnU_9A_HsY/s320/Fong.png" height="320" style="height: 230px; width: 162px;" width="219" /></a>This website is based on research funded by the National
Science Foundation, which <b><a href="http://sitebuilder.yola.com/restricted_view/site_design/8a49866b23cbd1070123cc75bcd10629/about-nsf-and-nsffunding-com.php"><span style="color: #0061b4;">approved</span></a></b> NSFfunding.com's
New Organization <span style="color: #3d85c6;"><b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWT0tjMzNFUVBKNWM/edit?usp=sharing"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Request</span></a></b></span> to submit a workshop proposal for review by the Energy
Secretary, in partial performance of the Sec. 7623 contract, for Treasury to
recover its losses from the Calvin cycle. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: black;">In March of 1986, Purdue Acting School of Science Dean James Yackel
<b><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWZTA2N2U1YzAtODQ0NS00N2ZlLTg2MGUtYzY1MzliMmZmM2E1/edit"><span style="color: #0061b4;">wrote</span></a></b>
the Chemistry Department Executive Committee on Oak Ridge National Laboratory's
reproduction of Fong's <b><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/nsf-biophysics-program-director-martin.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">demonstration</span></a></b>
of reaction (L), the chlorophyll water-splitting and carbon-reduction light
reaction. <span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;">On October 8, 1986, Dr. Beering tape recorded the
proceedings of a meeting, in which he approved Purdue's
Extraordinary Committee's finding of the gangland slaying of
Purdue-Calumet Development Foundation Director Jay Given ("the PX 45 tape"). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>II. Beering's three-part statement</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333;">
</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: black;">In 1995, Dr. Beering issued a <a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/01/contract-with-treasury.html"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">three-part
written statement</span></b></a>, a group of three letters concerning a hitherto
unknown mechanism for enforcing the Calvin
cycle:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;">
<div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;">(letter <a href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B3qF7wEqlXQWNmY5ZGE2ZWMtYTMyMC00NDczLWIzNmYtYjJhNzk2M2E1MmUx&hl=en_US" style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>1</b></span></a><span style="color: #333333;">) In 1955, <span style="color: black;">Purdue
trustees entered into an agreement with Calvin/Berkeley to use federal
reimbursement funding to develop real estate. They issued a newspaper story,
<span style="color: #333333;"><i>Chem. Eng. News </i>33, 2809 (July 4, 1955),
<a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><b><span style="color: blue;">contrary to Calvin's finding</span></b></a> of the
photosynthetic light </span><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/fong-corroborates-calvin.php"><span style="color: #0061b4;"><b>reaction (L)</b></span></a><span style="color: #333333;">, Wilson,A.T. and Calvin,M. (1955) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77,
5948-5957, </span>for Calvin to establish photosynthesis as a dark reaction,
enforced by</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;">(letter </span><a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWMmEyNDM2ODctNWY0MS00MDk4LWJlYTQtZmUwMTM0NjRhZTU2&hl=en" style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>2</b></span></a><span style="color: #333333;">) the <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/08/open-communication-on-dismissal-of-john.html"><span style="color: blue;"><b>murder, in 1981, of Mr.
Given</b></span></a>; and
that,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;">(letter </span><a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWZTRiOGRlNWItZjYxMy00OThiLWIzN2EtNWI5NTZlNTFmZDYy&hl=en" style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>3</b></span></a><span style="color: #333333;">) in 1989, of Mr.
MacLauchlan.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: black;">III. State issues underlying federal
matter</span></b></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="color: black;">Purdue Board appoints Governor Daniels</span></i></span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div align="left" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;"><b><i><u>IDR's investigation</u></i></b>. On May 4,
2012, Fong</span> <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/notices-and-letters.php"><span style="color: #0061b4;"><b>posted</b></span></a> <span style="color: black;">an "Open Letter to
Candidate-Finalist for Purdue Trustees' Appointment of Purdue's Successor
President to Dr. France A. Cordova," as </span><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/02/notice-of-amendment-to-purdue.html"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">amended</span></b></a><span style="color: black;"><b>,
</b>specialized to a showing of the issuance of a Certificate of Release of
Federal Tax Lien ("CRFTL"), which purported to release a Refiled Notice of
Federal Tax Lien ("RNFTL").</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span>
<div align="left" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">The work on this Open Letter dates back to the winter of 2008-09,
when IDR Deputy General Counsel Doug Klitzke wrote to</span> <a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/07/buschs-warning-upon-doug-klitzkes.html"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">rectify
the state tax issues</span></b></a><span style="color: black;">, from which arose this RNFTL. He has since
conducted an </span><b><a href="http://sitebuilder.yola.com/restricted_view/site_design/8a49866b23cbd1070123cc75bcd10629/klitzkes-investigation-of-px-45-tape.php"><span style="color: #0061b4;">investigation</span></a></b> <span style="color: black;">of
the Umminger report. On May 10, 2012, Fong and Mr. Klitzke </span><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWRUEtSmh0QWxibUk/edit"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">agreed</span></b></a>
<span style="color: black;">on the need to identify the state issues for a meeting with IDR Commissioner
John Eckart to petition Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels for Indiana State Police
to take over Mr. Klitzke's investigation. On June <b>2</b>1, 2012</span><span style="color: black;">,
Corporate Secretary Janice Beard of Purdue Board of Trustees </span><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWb0E2LVdfT2FxV1k/edit?usp=sharing"><span style="color: #0061b4;"><b>forwarded</b></span></a> <span style="color: black;">Fong's</span> <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWZ1p6MkhORFk1b3c/edit?usp=sharing"><span style="color: #0061b4;"><b>letter</b></span></a> <span style="color: black;">in response to Judge
Posner's Chief Research Assistant Emily Rush. Later that morning, the Board
appointed Governor Daniels the successor President of Purdue University to Dr.
Cordova.</span><span style="color: black;"> The issue involves Mr. Girinakis'
removal from IRS's administrative file of Fong's 1995 Form 1040 return, in which
was incorporated the 1996 report<b>.</b></span></span></span><br />
<div align="left" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="left" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black;"><b><i><u>U.S. Postal Inspection's finding</u></i></b>. Ms.
Girinakis' removal of the 1996 report resulted in her issuance of the First
NFTL. That of RNFTL followed in February of 2008. Meanwhile, the U.S. Postal
Inspection found that the theft of restricted-delivery letter by certified U.S.
mail No. 7005 1820 0003 3192 1927 ("Letter 1927"),</span> <b><a href="http://sitebuilder.yola.com/restricted_view/site_design/8a49866b23cbd1070123cc75bcd10629/notices-and-letters.php"><span style="color: #0061b4;">authorized</span></a></b> <span style="color: black;">by Bobby, resulted in the
<b><a href="http://sitebuilder.yola.com/restricted_view/site_design/8a49866b23cbd1070123cc75bcd10629/notices-and-letters.php">issuance</a></b> of the Second
NFTL. </span><span style="color: black;">In March of 2008, Deputy Assistant U.S. Attorney
General John DiCicco, by DOJ (Tax) Chief D. Patrick Mullarkey, used the RNFTL
and the Second NFTL to file suit to collect unpaid taxes in cv082. In Letter
1927, Fong</span> <b><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWc1YtMGRBOV9ZOWM/edit"><span style="color: #0061b4;">wrote</span></a></b>
<span style="color: black;">to schedule a meeting with Bobby to listen to Fong's surveillance tape recording
of Mr. Mullarkey's telephone call of September 22, 1998 concerning a letter
dated</span> <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWYmI2MWE5ODctZDBjZi00YmE1LTlmMDYtNzUxOWNkYmQxODFk&hl=en"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">September
18, 1998</span></b></a><span style="color: black;">, the reason for Ms. Girinakis' removal of NTA's (National
Taxpayers Advocate) case no. 3223441 to disable the parties' performance of the
Sec. 7623 contract. The September 18, 1998 letter is hereinafter referred to as
"the DiCicco report."</span> </div>
<div align="left" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div align="center">
<i><span style="color: black;">State issues</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></i></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="left">
<span style="color: black;"><b><i><u>Purdue Board on
PX45</u></i></b>. In Fig.2. Purdue Board of Trustees by counsel, Mr. David
Starkweather, filed a motion paper on September 9, 1998, in <u>The Trustees of
Purdue University v. Francis K. Fong</u>, Cause No. 79D02-9708-CP-162,
Tippecanoe County Superior Court No. 2. CP-162 is a pending matter on an Indiana
Right of Pubic Access Law dispute. The cause concerns Judge Richard </span><a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/01/contract-with-treasury.html"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">Posner's
order</span></b></a> <span style="color: black;">of the contract hit of Mr. MacLauchlan for suggesting a
relation back of the Umminger report to Sullivan's role as counsel for the court
in <u>Brenner v. Powers</u>, Warren Circuit Court, No.
86C01-8909-CP-114 to defeat the plaintiffs in CP-114. Fong sketched the
collusive proceedings in the 1995 report and, later, at the behest of Mr.
Klitzke, provided greater details in a letter dated</span> <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWbVR0bmVnRGZXZWM/edit"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">August
30, 2011</span></b></a>.<br />
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div align="left" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black;">In CP-162, the Purdue Board
stated that the PX 45 tape was not tampered with, Fig.2, in apparent
contradiction with the Umminger report and the DiCicco report.</span> <br />
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinsbRe4A_ihATAIXEOilZqu_ea8k2scfdnb_BI9vrZkizLblReC-hZ_zFwf5jew1daG75PNo6XkLirksPGOTLrnC5wMuAWrK21PQzT7Sj_cbdxOT5liPyn9yTTDix6mw6Q_X0YztyFXmA/s1600/Starkweather+motion+paper.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: #999999;"><img border="0" closure_uid_2gvmhy="3" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinsbRe4A_ihATAIXEOilZqu_ea8k2scfdnb_BI9vrZkizLblReC-hZ_zFwf5jew1daG75PNo6XkLirksPGOTLrnC5wMuAWrK21PQzT7Sj_cbdxOT5liPyn9yTTDix6mw6Q_X0YztyFXmA/s400/Starkweather+motion+paper.png" height="265" width="400" /></span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Fig.2. Purdue trustees' motion
paper controverting DiCicco's report.</b></span></span><br />
<div align="left">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="color: black;">Mr. Klitzke's finding,
that the court's "original </span><span style="color: black;">PX 45 tape" had been tampered
with, as follows supports a resolution of the apparent contradiction. It turns
out that the DiCicco report was a statement calculated to defraud the IRS. It
resulted from the court's (Posner) </span><b><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/03/mr.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">transfer</span></a></b>
<span style="color: black;">of the PX 45 tape, which was not tampered with, to DiCicco in exchange for PX
46, a doctored version of PX 45, which the court </span><span style="color: black;">certified as "the
original PX 45 tape," from which Mr. DiCicco deleted matter on the Given
killing.</span><br />
<br />
This resolution is
supported by Justice Sullivan's <b><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/05/open-communication-for-peggy-fischer.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">certification</span></a></b>
of a <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWOWVhMTU0MGEtMGEwZC00N2M1LTg0ZTYtNTRiYzNlMDYzMjcz/edit"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">fictitious
order</span></b></a> to supplant the Indiana Supreme Court's "<b><a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWMWFmZjZhNjItYzdjZi00MjQ0LTgzZWYtZDhhYjhiNThmOTU3&hl=en"><span style="color: #0061b4;">Alternative
Writ of Mandamus</span></a></b>," which affirmed IDR's agreement involving Fong -
a state variant of the Sec. 7623 contract, and directed the Tippecanoe Superior
Court No.2 (Tom Busch) to file a report on the shooting of Mr. MacLauchlan for
<b><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWbVR0bmVnRGZXZWM/edit"><span style="color: #0061b4;">uncovering</span></a></b>
Sullivan's role in <u>Brenner v. Powers</u>, which culminated in Indiana
Secretary of State Even Bayh's falsification of MMRF's incorporation papers,
which in turn prompted Judge Busch's <b><a href="http:"><span style="color: #0061b4;">warning to all
lawyers</span></a></b> practicing in Indiana - all state issues for meeting with
Mr. Eckart to petition Governor Daniels for the Indiana State Police to
investigate Justice Sullivan's certification of the fictitious order. </span>
<br />
<br />
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>IV. The federal matter</b><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>Statement of fact</i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>a. The Calvin cycle - driver mechanism</b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><br />
<div align="left">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;">Mr. Klitzke's investigation of the Umminger report underscores the
mechanism driving an enforcement program for the Calvin cycle. To reconcile his finding, that the
court-certified "original PX 45 tape" had been tampered with,
with</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Purdue trustees'
statement, that the PX 45 tape was not tampered with, we consider the
DiCicco report. Citing the
late District Judge Allen Sharp, it said: </div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><br />
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>II. Purdue's
affidavit</b> </span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghcThnPFtVeN9mJgPdnPlwNZLHdx6-hJlshCaY9VzPrtPBbqYRkPQ4FXX0RmevGt6xK-Rc90oZYG6i804dvME6TUBJAcHecXc1Gomzv44BoqXrvKPe87jJei8zgwVBBKLr3gvMUyhYSPI/s1600/Grutzner+affidavit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" closure_uid_vclhht="3" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghcThnPFtVeN9mJgPdnPlwNZLHdx6-hJlshCaY9VzPrtPBbqYRkPQ4FXX0RmevGt6xK-Rc90oZYG6i804dvME6TUBJAcHecXc1Gomzv44BoqXrvKPe87jJei8zgwVBBKLr3gvMUyhYSPI/s200/Grutzner+affidavit.jpg" height="200" style="height: 148px; width: 175px;" width="154" /></b></a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Fig.1. Purdue's
affidavit</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left">
<span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: black;">The
Calvin cycle, or reaction (D), the dark reaction in photosynthesis, was ruled
out by Melvin Calvin in his Nobel Lecture. See, Fig. 20 of Calvin,M. (1964).
"The path of carbon in photosynthesis." The Nobel Lecture<i>,</i> delivered on
December 11, 1961<i>,</i> From Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1942–1962. Elsevier
Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp 618–644, at 638.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>On September 4, 2010, Purdue issued an affidavit on the Fong-Butcher
corrected pathway of photosynthesis, Fig.1, left. </div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
By the <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8y1a9YOpz4LGpYnJl4Umb496GX-hlq1k82zezLTadIHtHoKGeTkuyJtg3R4K148oCd0_dVbkyQGReEMglXY4AnVamd-9YqWODogydRD6mX49rhWo3h_3Ve-eDiMabhDaZCdZ5oFjPEVc/s1600/Chem+Eng.JPG"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;"><i>Chem.
Eng. News</i><i> </i>story</span></b></a>, released in July of 1955 by the
Purdue trustees, Melvin Calvin claimed as his own the ribulosebisphosphate
(RuBP) dark carboxylase reaction (D) discovered by Bernie Horecker,
Weissbach.A., Horecker,B.L. and Hurwitz, J. (1956) J. Biol. Chem. 218, 795-810.
Meanwhile, Horecker as <a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/109932737010017838200?showall=true"><span style="color: #0061b4;"><b>referee
accepted</b></span></a> for publication <span style="color: black;">Fong, Francis K. and Butcher, Karen A. (1988) Biochem. Biophys.
Res. Commun., 150, 399-404,</span><span style="color: black;"> based on</span> Calvin's
original papers on the Berkeley group's finding of reaction
(L).<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
In reaction (D), Fig.1, the
carbon addition intermediate splits into two molecules of PGA, which terminates
the photosynthetic process. This is clearly not Calvin's reaction (L), in which
one half of the carboxylation intermediate is reduced to sugar in the light. The
other half, a PGA, regenerates the RuBP in the Fong-Butcher corrected pathway
(1988). Purdue thus
explained <b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHM88qzPkFbJYUBcULSM7zQEBmfuOsuzi7mqZoV1Hz9J3KY5SXQtbXN54ZB9elcjEFNxvkk2LXK56Jnhe2VV-MXAO5USAIyRa7JV0dUTi1tVg0YIC58PmnXgXy-1TWHw0jkxMi4ZURfLc/s1600/1989-11-06+Umminger+on+PX+45+tampering.jpg"><span style="color: #0061b4;">NSF's
1989 finding</span></a></b> of the Calvin cycle as a fraud: By omitting <span style="color: black;">Calvin,M. and Pon,N.G. (1959) J. Cellular Comp. Physiol., 54,
Suppl. 1, 51-74; Bassham, J.A. and Kirk, M. (1960) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 43,
447-464, and Wilson,A.T. and Calvin,M. (1955) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 5948-5957,
in support of an earlier conclusion by Calvin that photosynthesis occurred in
the light, Calvin and Massini (1952) Experientia 8, 445-484,</span> Calvin used
Purdue trustees' story to deceive the community into accepting the Calvin cycle
as the peer review standard to foreclose the United States' development of
photosynthesis as an alternative energy. </div>
</div>
<div align="left">
<blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;">
“In Chief Judge Sharp’s
thorough opinion appearing at 692 F.Supp. 930, he extensively discusses PX 45,
see esp. pp 941-942. *** Dr. Beering contended that the entire meeting had not
been recorded in the first place; at that time you were contending that a
portion of the tape was deleted in 1986. The court found that regardless of
which contention was correct, the matter wasn’t on the tape so it could not
support any of your claims. ***.” </blockquote>
<div align="left">
However, at
692 F.Supp. 930, Judge Sharp discusses "extensively" not PX 45, but PX 46, an
abbreviated version of the PX 45 tape. Therefore, it follows
that<span style="color: black;">, in 2009, the court confessed to its<b>
</b></span><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/03/mr.html"><span style="color: blue;"><b>transfer</b></span></a><b> of </b>PX 45 to Mr. DiCicco
for the PX 46 tape, which it certified as "the original PX 45 tape." </div>
<br />
<div align="left">
Mr. Klitzke found that the matter deleted began on Side B of the
"original PX 45 tape," after Fong introduced his unsent letter on Purdue's
Extraordinary Committee's investigation ordered by Provost Haas, "A letter I
wrote Dr. (Fred) Ford (Purdue Executive Financial Vice-President) that I decided
not to send pending internal investigations <span style="color: black;">[of Energy
Research Director John Deutch's enforcement of the Calvin cycle culminating in
PCDF director Jay Given's murder by order of Judge Richard
Posner....]</span>,"<b> </b><a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWYjdhYTEwMDYtZmI0Mi00YmNmLTlmNGQtNjllNjU2OGJjN2Fj&hl=en"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Transcript</b></span></a><b> </b>at 9, deleted
matter in square brackets. The gist of this letter, which is in the joint
custody of the Purdue Board of Trustees and Fong, reads in relevant parts:</div>
<br />
<blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;">
<blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;">
<div align="left">
<span style="color: black;">"Purdue trustees and MIT officers instituted the<b>
'</b><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/12/senator-lugars-connections-to-chicago.html"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">Blue-Book
formula</span></b></a><b>' </b>to invest federal reimbursement moneys
from Purdue-Calumet Development Foundation's East Chicago Federal Loan and Grant
Contract in the Munster Plains development to obtain, in a scheme to defraud the
Internal Revenue Service, the Calvin cycle. Purdue trustees president Don Powers
laundered the proceeds through Munster Medical Research Foundation for
profit-sharing with, among others, Energy Research Director and MIT provost John
Deutch. The purpose was to foreclose the United States' development of
photosynthesis as an alternative energy, in furtherance of Powers et al's
ownership interests in NIPSCO, a giant fossil-fuel business in Northwest
Indiana. For his self-dealing, using MMRF for profit-sharing, Mr. Powers
was</span><span style="color: black;"> named defendant in <u>Brenner v. Powers</u>, Warren Circuit
Court, No. 86C01-8909-CP-114. Meanwhile, by his control of the <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/03/correspondence-from-francis-k-fong-to.html"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">court's
theft of moneys</span></b></a><b> </b>("the $48,903.81") from Treasury,
enabled by revenue officers' falsification of Treasury's record, Mr. Powers <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWNmY5ZGE2ZWMtYTMyMC00NDczLWIzNmYtYjJhNzk2M2E1MmUx/edit?hl=en_US"><span style="color: #0061b4;">paid</span></a>
5-figure sums to generations of IR District Directors to secure PCDF's tax
exempt status. PCDF Director Jay Given's discovery making, in an Indiana Supreme
Court Disciplinary Action, of the court's theft of moneys from Treasury resulted
in Dr. Deutch's execution of the Given contract ordered by Judge Richard
Posner."</span><span style="color: black;"> </span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<span style="color: black;">Mr. DiCicco
and his predecessors produced for the court's use PX 46, from which was
taken this unsent letter. Along with this letter, also taken were Dr. Beering's
comments in approval of PUEC's finding of the Given killing, which prompted the
defendant Powers to hire Sullivan to act as counsel for the court in <u>Brenner
v. Powers</u>, to prevent from discovery Mr. Powers' self-dealing in using MMRF
to launder the proceeds from the court's thefts from Treasury, PCDF's investments funded by
federal funds, and the Seventh Circuit partnership (involving organized
crime) interests' use of Continental Bank short-term notes for profit-sharing to
pay off PCDF's East Chicago federal loan contract. The purpose was to foreclose
the United States' development of photosynthesis as an alternative energy, in
furtherance of Powers et al's ownership interests in NIPSCO, a giant fossil-fuel
business in Northwest Indiana. T<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"><span style="color: black;">he Umminger report, in implicating IDR in the cover-up of the Given
murder, resulted in the murder (December 4, 1989) of Mr. MacLauchlan, the
subject matter for the<b> </b><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWZDBmM2ZkMGQtODE5YS00Y2M4LWEwYTYtNzM0ZTJiNzdlZmIx/edit"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">GAO
review committed</span></b></a><b> </b>by Senator Lugar's State Director
Keith Luse. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span></span>
<br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><b>b. PEFCU produces
RNFTL</b></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span></span><br />
<div align="left">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">On May 1,
2007, Fong<b> </b><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWMU5Ld1FJbjVFNGc/edit"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">wrote</span></b></a><b>
</b>IR Commissioner Mark Everson to complete an arrangement in the fall of
2004. For years, NSF Associate Inspector General Peggy Fischer has relied on the
NFTLs to <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/05/open-communication-for-peggy-fischer.html"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">prevent
the parties</span></b></a><b> </b>from performing the Sec. 7623
contract. Thereby Judge Posner used PEFCU as an avenue to launder the moneys
the court took from Treasury for<b> </b><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/10/letter-to-oig-senior-counsel-monte.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;"><b>redistribution</b></span></a><b>
</b>to revenue officers and OIG personnel. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div align="left">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span>
<div align="left">
<div align="left">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">In February of 2008, Mr. Everson
quietly released the First NFTL. Meanwhile, Purdue Employees Federal Credit
Union produced the RNFTL, a botched cut-and-paste job, in which the taxpayers
were incorrectly named, and the signature date <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/04/open-communication-to-france-cordova-on.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;"><b>preceded</b></span></a><b>
</b>the printing date of the IRS form on which the purported lien was
executed.
Fortunately, by their arrangement, the parties to the Sec. 7623 contract, Fong
and the United States, succeeded in obtaining the court's (Moody) entry
of a $100,000 judgment against the
defendant Fong in cv082.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">
</span>
<span style="color: black;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="left">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">
</span>
</span><br />
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><b>c. The mechanism unravels - the Second
NFTL</b></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">
<div align="left">
The United States, of course, did not collect
on the Moody judgment. Instead, on March 11, 2011,
Mr. DiCicco issued the CRFTL to release the RNFTL, a
fraud. Meanwhile, Mr. DiCicco failed to release the<b> </b><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWbERjZ3d4RWkyZzg/edit"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">Second
NFTL</span></b></a> for his <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWeXpTN2kycHdBRTQ/edit"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">affirmative
failing to retrieve</span></b></a><b> </b>NTA (National Taxpayers
Advocate) case no. 3221334 instituted by the United States for Treasury to
assign counsel with accounting expertise for the parties (Fong and the United States) to submit this Propsal Website - "affirmative," because the Second NFTL resulted from Mr. DiCicco's use of the PX 46 tape enabling one Robert Quigley's (Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration) authorization for the court (Moody) to use a <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/08/open-communication-on-dismissal-of-john.html"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">fictitious
docket</span></b></a><b> </b>and <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWVUFFc1NxNHdvNzQ/edit"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">grant</span></b></a><b>
</b> (May 7, 2004) fictitious petitioners the $48,903.81, which was redistributed decades earlier through MMRF for profit-sharing. Having issued the abbreviated PX 46 tape, Mr. DiCicco was unable to arrange for the White House staff to witness Mr. Klitzke's investigation <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/02/given-and-maclauchlan-murders-west.html"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">unraveling</span></b></a><b>
</b>Justice Sullivan's role as counsel for the court in <u>Brenner v. Powers</u>.</div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<div align="left">
In April of 2011, Mr. DiCicco offered a deal. He showed
<b>"</b><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/04/letter-in-reply-to-diciccos-finger.html"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">documents</span></b></a><b>"</b>
as proof of supervising ranks' (Administrative Office of U.S. Courts) <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/04/letter-in-reply-to-diciccos-finger.html"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">role</span></b></a><b>
</b>in the court's transfer-back of the $48,903.81 from Treasury, <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/03/correspondence-from-francis-k-fong-to.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;"><b>absent</b>
<b>the</b> <b>Sec</b>. <b>2042</b>
<b>order</b></span></a>. In exchange, Fong was not to submit this proposal
for funding and forgive Mr. DiCicco's use of PX 46 and the Second NFTL as
a party to the conspiracies to commit murder (Given and MacLauchlan) and
Quigley's authorization for the court to certify the fictitious docket. Fong <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWMTZuZzNja3VMSm8/edit"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">declined</span></b></a>.
The documents show that DiCicco had in his custody indisputable proof that
Purdue trustees president Powers <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/03/correspondence-from-francis-k-fong-to.html"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">controlled</span></b></a>
the $48,903.81. It follows, therefore, that Mr. DiCicco controlled the court's
use of the fictitious docket to commit murder and conceal the moneys it stole
from Treasury for transfer to "<a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/10/letter-to-oig-senior-counsel-monte.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;"><b>funding</b>
<b>pools</b></span></a>," such as Senator Lugar's for<b> </b><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/3%20December%20return.jpg"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">insiders
trading of JPMI securities</span></b></a>.</div>
<div align="left">
Mr. DiCicco thus identified himself as the highest ranking Executive career agent of the United States in charge of the mechanism - the DOJ Executive partner to the
"coordinated action" described by OIG senior counsel
Monte <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWYmI3MGFhZDQtZDhkNC00YmE1LWEyNGYtNzMyMDI0Mjg1OWFk/edit"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">Fisher</span></b></a> -
to defraud the IRS. To fill in the gaps, we now need the operating officer for the driver mechanism. In preliminary work, we focused on the operations managers for the Examination Division of the IRS, who logically would be the principals manning the driver mechanism, whose service would be needed to hide the billions of unreported dollars in ill-gained profits from the money laundering scheme.
</div>
<div align="left">
In mid-August, 2012, by his action DiCicco disclosed further details of the driver mechanism, which involves, in addition to NSF Associate Inspector General Peggy Fischer, IRS management ranks in its Examination Division led by a senior officer by the name of Maureen Green.</div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<b>V. Statutory
scheme</b></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="left">
On February 25, 2012, the author
<a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/02/notice-of-amendment-to-purdue.html"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">advised</span></b></a><b>
</b>the Purdue Board of Trustees that the fact finding supports a case for
criminal sanctions under the General Conspiracy Statute, 18 U.S.C. Sec. 371.
Sec. 371 and the Federal RICO and False Claims Acts provide a statutory scheme,
in which the acts of concealment by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3ACalvin_cycle"><span style="color: #0061b4;"><b>Wikipedia's
administration</b></span></a>. and the Lafayette Journal &
Courier's (Gannet News Service) executive <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWdEZpSE5hbTdyVGc/edit"><b><span style="color: blue;">editorial</span><span style="color: #0061b4;"> staff</span></b></a> to cover up Judge Posner's First
[<a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/4%20Beering%203.jpg"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">Crumpacker v.
Gettinger</span></span></a>, USDC, N.D.Ind., No. H83-700
(7-12-84)] and Second [<u>Francis K. Fong v. Purdue University</u>, 7th Cir. 976
F.2d 735, <i>affirm</i>. 692 F.Supp. 930] Orders to <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/02/given-and-maclauchlan-murders-west.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">close</span></a> the Given and
MacLauchlan contracts may properly be prosecutable as
overt acts.</div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<div align="left">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #333333;">
</span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<b>VI. Synopsis of workshop
proposal</b></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
</span><br />
<div align="left">
<span style="color: black;">A workshop proposal is outlined for Fong and the
Purdue Board of Trustees to enable Treasury's recovery of its losses from the
Calvin cycle, and bring closure to CP-162. It is shown, in the discussion to follow, that no controversy exists as to Calvin's original findings in conclusion of a photoreductive path of carbon in plant photosynthesis, that the Calvin cycle became established contrary to these findings on account of the funding scheme dating back to 1955 financed by federal reimbursements moneys ("the Blue Book Formula") for profit-sharing by Executive agents who man the driver mechanism disclosed by Dr. Beering in his three-part statement, and that members of the dark photosynthesis community know,or should have known, that they submit research proposals for funding by the federal agencies based on the Calvin cycle to defraud the Internal Revenue Service and deprive the United States of its development of photosynthesis as an alternative energy. <br />
<br />
It is proposed that the condition of widespread damage is exemplified by Wikipedia and its description of the Calvin cycle with knowledge of it's being false, that the Executive agents in charge of enforcing the Calvin cycle are to be identified and brought to trial and punishment, that a competent team of experts in law with expertise in accounting be assembled to arrive at a reasonable estimate of the losses sustained by the United States by reason of the Executive agents' enforcement of the Calvin cycle, and outline a procedural method for naming the entities to be held liable for the monetary damages incurred by the U.S. Treasury over the agencies' funding of dark photosynthesis research over the past six decades.<br />
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;"><i>Damages: Timmer, Wikipedia and Calvin cycle</i><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;">
</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;">The damages caused by the Calvin cycle are as follows shown to be intentional on the part of proponents of dark photosynthesis. </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;">(a) <b><u><i>Timmer on
Calvin's original papers</i></u></b>. On April 11, 2012, in response to
this Website in support of NSF's finding, that the Calvin cycle was a work of
deception<b> </b>contrary to Calvin's original papers, NSF OIG
Criminal Division head Dr. Peggy Fischer secured help from a fellow cellular
biology Ph.D. from Berkeley <b><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWZ0xzTXNZU1hGSTQ/edit"><span style="color: #0000cc;">John Timmer</span></a></b>, who did research under the late
Bernie Horecker, Dean of Cornell Medical School, and now teaches at Cornell. To
reaffirm the Calvin cycle as NSF's peer review standard, Timmer <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWSk43bUhEQnhLMTA/edit"><b><span style="color: blue;">wrote</span></b></a> on arstechnica.com's news blog that he'd
"published" a showing that Wilson and Calvin (1995), Calvin's original C-14
tracer study which ruled out the dark reaction proposed by Bassham and Calvin
(1950), was Calvin's experimental proof of the Calvin cycle. Timmer's blog read,
on April 23, 2012: </span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;">
</span></span></span></span>
<br />
<blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;">
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;">"Original paper describing the
Calvin cycle of photosynthesis contained a diagram of the equipment used to
study it--complete with a stick-figure fisherman that slipped past reviewers.
Read more:<span style="color: blue;"><b> </b></span><b><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://prospect.rsc.org/blogs/cw/2011/07/15/8170/" title="http://prospect.rsc.org/blogs/cw/2011/07/15/8170/"><span style="color: #0066cc;">Via
the Royal Society of Chemistry's blog</span></a></span></b> Published 12
days ago - by John Timmer." </span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;">
</span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #333333;">On April 25, 2012, Fong <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWZXl3cXVXOUg1Tjg/edit"><span style="color: #0061b4;">wrote
Timmer</span></a> to establish that the latter's publication was a direct
result of Wikipedia's Calvin cycle page. The provided link by him, "Via the Royal Society of
Chemistry's blog," was one to RSC's<span style="color: blue;">
</span><a href="http://prospect.rsc.org/blogs/cw/2011/07/15/8170/" title="http://prospect.rsc.org/blogs/cw/2011/07/15/8170/"><span style="color: #0066cc;"><span style="color: blue;">chemistry<span style="color: #ffbb33;">world</span>blog</span></span></a><span style="color: black;">; </span>but <b>instead of the claim Timmer said
he'd published, the RSC blog contains a survey of the original literature by
Fong, showing that Wilson and Calvin (1995), in corroboration of Calvin and
Massini (1952), ruled out the Calvin cycle. Thereafter, Timmer withdrew his
Webpage, </b><a href="wlmailhtml:{A06B5C0D-AB50-4BF7-920A-1623C0312D61}mid://00000004/!x-usc:http://arstechnica.com/science/news/2012/04/-the-original-paper-describing.ars" title="http://arstechnica.com/science/news/2012/04/-the-original-paper-describing.ars"><span style="color: #0066cc;"><b>http://arstechnica.com/science/news/2012/04/-the-original-paper-describing.ars</b></span></a><b>,
but has yet to account for the source adopted by him, an expert in the field, in
contradiction with the long settled historical development. Here Fong offers an
explanation with the question as follows: </b></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLj9UjsmKH3AbUn4qFMH3nABGeu2hP_BBq0hE1hBAlXpyXDGa3lHgD_-eXkde-7sMH-nI7fTCeI7W6ejPwDx6bvWEc_C1ttHbfOiF6oYOJUP_n0Qv1UnfiJgUp-2EAkiesdd-wvSY4WlA/s1600/Calvin+%25281964%2529+-+Wikipedia+calvin+cycle.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" closure_uid_4hj9sh="2" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLj9UjsmKH3AbUn4qFMH3nABGeu2hP_BBq0hE1hBAlXpyXDGa3lHgD_-eXkde-7sMH-nI7fTCeI7W6ejPwDx6bvWEc_C1ttHbfOiF6oYOJUP_n0Qv1UnfiJgUp-2EAkiesdd-wvSY4WlA/s640/Calvin+%25281964%2529+-+Wikipedia+calvin+cycle.png" height="323" style="height: 328px; width: 640px;" width="640" /></b></a></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left">
<span style="color: #333333;"><b>
</b></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><b>Why does
Wikipedia insist on directing its vast readership into believing that the Calvin
cycle, the dark reactions in photosynthesis, was true and tried, when
Calvin's Nobel Lecture ruled out the Calvin cycle in favor of <span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="color: black;">reaction (L</span><span style="color: black;">)?</span></span></b></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333;">
<b><span style="color: black;">
</span></b></span><br />
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><b><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;">(b)
<b><i><u>Dissecting Wikipedia's Calvin cycle</u></i></b>. To answer
this question, the reader should establish that the very first step in the
Wikipedia Calvin cycle, the RuBP carboxylase reaction, was obtained by deception
- as reported by NSF in the Umminger report. See, Subsections C.III and C.IV
infra. Wikipedia as follows knowingly presented the Calvin cycle as tried and
true to defraud the United States Treasury. </span></span></span></b></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333;"><b><span style="color: black;">
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;">
</span></span>
</div>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;"><div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
<br />
Wikipedia's Calvin cycle
article's first reference is Bassham and Calvin (1950), in which Bassham and
Calvin proposed the photosynthetic carbon cycle, later known as the Calvin
cycle. The second reference skips over 56 years of research published in the
permanent literature, to the monograph (not a research paper in a peer-reviewed
journal) by Campbell, Williamson and Heyden (2006). The references cited in the
Wikipedia page on the Calvin cycle are listed below:</div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
<ol>
<li>
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
Bassham J, Benson A, Calvin M (1950).
"The path of carbon in photosynthesis". J Biol Chem 185 (2): 781–7. PMID
14774424. <!-- m --><a class="postlink" href="http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/185/2/781.pdf"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/185/2/781.pdf</span></a><!-- m -->.
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
Campbell, Neil A.; Brad Williamson;
Robin J. Heyden (2006). Biology: Exploring Life. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson
Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-250882-6. <!-- m --><a class="postlink" href="http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html</span></a><!-- m -->.</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<br />
</span></span></span></b>
</span><br />
<div align="left">
<span style="color: #333333;">However, omitted from the Wikipedia article are the original papers by the
Calvin group and others: <span style="font-weight: bold;">Calvin</span>,M. and
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Massini</span>,P. (1952) Experientia 8, 445-484;
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Wilson</span>,A.T. and <span style="font-weight: bold;">Calvin</span>,M. (1955) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77,
5948-5957; <span style="font-weight: bold;">Bassham</span>, J.A., <span style="font-weight: bold;">Shibata</span>, K., <span style="font-weight: bold;">Steenberg</span>, K., <span style="font-weight: bold;">Bourdon</span>, J. and <span style="font-weight: bold;">Calvin</span>, M. (1956) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 78,
4120-4124; <span style="font-weight: bold;">Vishniac</span>, W., <span style="font-weight: bold;">Horecker</span>, B.L., and <span style="font-weight: bold;">Ochoa</span>, S. (1957) Adv. Enzymol. 19, 1-77; <span style="font-weight: bold;">Bassham</span>, J.A. and <span style="font-weight: bold;">Calvin</span>, M. (1957) "The Path of Carbon in
Photosynthesis," Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.; <span style="font-weight: bold;">Calvin</span>, M. and <span style="font-weight: bold;">Pon</span>, N.G. (1959) J. Cellular Comp. Physiol.,
54, Suppl. 1, 51-74; and <span style="font-weight: bold;">Bassham</span>, J.A.
and <span style="font-weight: bold;">Kirk</span>, M. (1960) Biochim. Biophys.
Acta, 43, 447-464.
</span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #333333;">These omitted papers, without a single exception, in refuting Bassham and Calvin
(1950), reported that photosynthetic carbon fixation occurs in a noncyclic path,
directly in the light, via a reductive system as yet unknown. In 1988, Francis
K. Fong and his group at Purdue and NSFfrunding.com provided a molecular
mechanism for the reductive carbon metabolic path reported by Calvin et al. See,
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Fong</span>, Francis K. and <span style="font-weight: bold;">Butcher</span>, Karen A. (1988) Biochem. Biophys. Res.
Commun., 150, 399-404. This reductive path of carbon in photosynthesis is
schematically represented in Fig. 2 below. This analysis of the Wikipedia Calvin
cycle would support, preliminarily at least, a conclusion that Wikipedia, in
adopting Purdue trustees' use of a newspaper story, Margerum work of fiction, to
supplant the entire body of original literature on Calvin's finding of reaction
(L), made a conscious decision to deceive its reading public into believing that
Calvin discovered reaction (D), thereby depriving the United States of its
development of photosynthesis as an alternative energy.</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333;"><br /></span>
</div>
<span style="color: #333333;">
</span><i>Six decades of defrauding the IRS</i><br />
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;">(c) <b><i><u>Findings of Purdue's Extraordinary
Committee</u></i></b>. In 1974, </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia8EE4s979S4zXnAz-T9oov0mZ9qmuZ4WYsGH0n2BHHE7HNbvh04iUXcnkXU7UqERSskx7VSlf0iZqJYdk5T2CnhkIF51Wotlw0wOhmOFjkXDZud4xq5q0keUbNM7lrgbi7eCJrCpezJw/s1600/PNAS+3-4.jpg"><span style="color: #0061b4;"><b>Fong, Francis K. (1974)
PNAS, 71, 3692-3695</b></span></a><span style="color: #333333;">,<b> </b>proposed the
</span><a href="http://www.photobiology.info/Yocum-PRC.html"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">later experimentally
verified</span></b></a><span style="color: #333333;"> </span><span style="color: black;">C<sub>2 </sub><span style="color: black;">symmetric chlorophyll-dimer
photo</span></span><span style="color: #333333;">synthetic
reaction center. He </span><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/nsf-biophysics-program-director-martin.html"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">demonstrated
(1975-79)</span></b></a><span style="color: #333333;"> in vitro, in
corroboration of Calvin's reaction (L), the red-light Chl a water-splitting and
carbon-fixation reactions affirmed in</span><span style="color: black;"> 1978 by an
NSF-funded site visit to Fong's laboratories. Purdue as a result instituted an
extraordinary committee consisting of PRF vice-president Bob Greenkorn, the
author and two other academic vice-presidents to review the origins of the
Calvin cycle. They arrived at a finding of six decades of fraud perpetrated upon the Internal Revenue Service by its executives.</span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left">
</div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;">In 1947, Purdue
trustees surveyed about 100 university foundations to derive federal
reimbursement moneys by the "</span><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/12/senator-lugars-connections-to-chicago.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">Blue Book Formula</span></a><span style="color: #333333;">." In 1955,
on materializing the Calvin cycle contrary to Calvin's original paper with A.T.
Wilson, they created PCDF to invest federal reimbursement moneys paid to PRF and
PCDF's</span><span style="color: black;"> East Chicago Federal Loan and Grant Contract
in the <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/12/senator-lugars-connections-to-chicago.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">Munster
Plains Development</span></a> headed by Donald Powers (later Purdue trustees president)
to develop the 752-acre Lawler Tract acquired by PRF in 1951 with federal tax
dollars. The</span> reason the Calvin cycle has persisted as the peer
review standard - the reason for Deutch's enforcement therefor - as Beering
disclosed on the PX 45 tape, dates from the simple plan by which Posner used the
moneys from Treasury to pay off the short-term notes from Continental Illinois
Bank, which were used for PCDF's pay-back of the $32m in PCDF's federal loan
contracts secured from the Federal Housing and Home Finance Agency.
</span></div>
<div align="left">
<br />
None of this unharnessed plundering of this nation's best schools of higher learning and institutions of finance, small and large, by men and women in leadership positions, would have been inconceivable - indeed impossible of obtainment - had it not been for the intentional and knowing participation of judges, members of the Legislative and Executive Branches of our government and, of particular importance, the state and federal revenue officers under the sponsorship of ranking officers of the Tax Division of the Justice Department, who allow the ill-gained profits go unreported for the past six decades.</div>
<br />
<span style="color: #333333;"><b>VII. About this website
and its author</b></span></div>
<div align="left">
<br />
<div align="left">
<span style="color: #333333;">The work
reported on this website is an extension of the author's research funded by the
NSF. It is a study in Posner's application of his <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/02/richard-posners-rationalization-for.html"><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #0088cc;"><b><span style="color: blue;">economic</span> <span style="color: blue;">model</span></b></span></span></a><b> </b>for public
corruption, the mechanism for forcing upon the community the<b>
</b><a href="http://sitebuilder.yola.com/restricted_view/site_design/8a49866b23cbd1070123cc75bcd10629/the-calvin-cycle.php"><span style="color: #0061b4;"><b>opposites</b></span></a><b> </b>to Calvin's
original papers to make dark the light reaction in photosynthesis, and render
light the Z scheme of dark reactions.</span></div>
<span style="color: #333333;">
</span><br />
<div align="left">
This website
is derived from his
letter of <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/02/given-and-maclauchlan-murders-west.html"><b><span style="color: blue;">February 10</span><span style="color: #0061b4;">, 2012</span></b></a><b> </b>to Mr. Klitzke
(U.S. mail theft germane to Energy Secretary's review of this site), that of
<a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/04/letter-in-reply-to-diciccos-finger.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;"><b>April 10,
2011</b></span></a> to
Mr. DiCicco (Purdue trustees' control over Posner of money transfer from
Treasury), and that of<a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/03/correspondence-from-francis-k-fong-to.html"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">
March 16, 2010</span></b></a><b> </b>to Ms. Mary Mortellaro and Judge
Richard Posner (Fong's joint investigation with AOUSC accountant Mike Eisert). </div>
<div align="left">
</div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<div align="left">
The author, a
long-time Professor of Chemistry at Purdue, is the founder and Chief Science
Officer of NSFfunding.com. On May 12, 2008, NSF having approved
NSFfunding.com's New Organization Registration Request, NSF General Counsel
Lawrence Rudolph relinquished the URL for this Website, <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: #0000cc;"><b>www.nsffunding.com</b></span></a>, and revised the online
guidelines for NSFfunding.com to use the Rotating Globe Logo in the United
States' partial performance of the IR Code Sec. 7623 contract.</div>
</div>
<div align="left">
This website
is derived from his
letter of <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/02/given-and-maclauchlan-murders-west.html"><b><span style="color: blue;">February 10</span><span style="color: #0061b4;">, 2012</span></b></a><b> </b>to Mr. Klitzke
(U.S. mail theft germane to Energy Secretary's review of this site), that of
<a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/04/letter-in-reply-to-diciccos-finger.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;"><b>April 10,
2011</b></span></a> to
Mr. DiCicco (Purdue trustees' control over Posner of money transfer from
Treasury), and that of<a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/03/correspondence-from-francis-k-fong-to.html"><b><span style="color: #0061b4;">
March 16, 2010</span></b></a><b> </b>to Ms. Mary Mortellaro and Judge
Richard Posner (Fong's joint investigation with AOUSC accountant Mike Eisert). </div>
<br />
<div align="left">
</div>
<br />
<br />
<div align="left">
The author, a
long-time Professor of Chemistry at Purdue, is the founder and Chief Science
Officer of NSFfunding.com. On May 12, 2008, NSF having approved
NSFfunding.com's New Organization Registration Request, NSF General Counsel
Lawrence Rudolph relinquished the URL for this Website, <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: #0000cc;"><b>www.nsffunding.com</b></span></a>, and revised the online
guidelines for NSFfunding.com to use the Rotating Globe Logo in the United
States' partial performance of the IR Code Sec. 7623 contract.</div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #006644;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="statcounter"><a class="statcounter" href="http://www.statcounter.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;"><b><img alt="StatCounter - Free Web Tracker and Counter" border="0" src="http://c.statcounter.com/t.php?sc_project=6789773&resolution=1680&h=1050&camefrom=&u=http%3A//www.nsffunding.com/&t=NSFfunding.com&java=1&security=ddea6946&sc_random=0.6582337196313337&sc_snum=1" height="171" style="height: 31px; margin: 4px; padding: 0px; width: 137px;" /></b></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #006644;"><span style="color: black;">
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #006644;"><span style="color: black;">
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #006644;"><span style="color: black;">
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #006644;"><span style="color: black;"><b> </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #006644;"><span style="color: black;">
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<br />
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #006644;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #006644;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="statcounter"><span class="statcounter"><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/08/open-communication-on-dismissal-of-john.html"><span style="color: #333333;"><b>Presidential
appointment</b></span></a><span style="color: #333333;"><b> | </b></span><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/12/senator-lugars-connections-to-chicago.html"><span style="color: #333333;"><b>Munster
Plains</b></span></a><span style="color: #333333;"><b> | </b></span><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><span style="color: #333333;"><b>Cordova's
finding</b></span></a><b><span style="color: #333333;"> | </span><a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: #333333;">Richard A. Posner</span></a><span style="color: #333333;"> | <a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/07/buschs-warning-upon-doug-klitzkes.html"><span style="background-color: #e0e0e0; color: #0061b4;">Busch's
Warning</span></a><span style="background-color: #e0e0e0;"> </span>| <a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2009/12/nationwide-counsel-kyrouacs-knowledge.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">The Moody Action</span></a> | <a href="http://hydrogeneconomyfromphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: #0061b4;">AOUSC's Report</span></a> |
<a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2011/03/wikipedia-making-of-calvin-cycle.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">Wikipedia Calvin Cycle Site</span></a> |<a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/02/nta-case-no-3221334-treasurys.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">Hunt
submissions</span></a></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #006644;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: black;">President Clinton's acceptance of the 1995 report and the above statement
- later, in February of 1998 <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWMTQyYTEyMzAtY2JiMi00ODQxLTgxNmYtMmIxYmVkMGI0Nzg1/edit"><b><span style="color: blue;">authenticated</span></b></a><b> </b>by the U.S.
Attorney by an order of the U.S. District Court - resulted in the <b><a href="https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWZTI4Y2U2YTMtZTFmNy00Yjc0LTk0YzUtOThjMzM1ZWRhMjc2&hl=en"><span style="color: #cc0000;">death threats</span></a></b> received on January 3, 1996 by
Fong and his family, which in turn led IRS Internal Security Special Agent Terry
Sparks, a former Indiana state narcotics investigator, to <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/02/letter-to-terry-sparks-special-agent.html"><b><span style="color: blue;">identifying</span></b></a> the shooters in the Given and
MacLauchlan murders as revenue officers engaged in drug-trafficking across the
Terre Haute, IN-Danville, IL stateline. On<b> </b>December 31, 1996,
the author filed with Commissioner Richardson a report based on the Umminger
report and Dr. Beering's statement ("<a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/3%20December%20return.jpg"><b><span style="color: blue;">the 1996 report</span></b></a>"). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;">Dr. Beering's <b><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWeUxIVUIzUF9aWDQ/edit">sworn
testimony</a></b> in April of 1989 prompted the NSF to issue, on November
6, 1989, the </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHM88qzPkFbJYUBcULSM7zQEBmfuOsuzi7mqZoV1Hz9J3KY5SXQtbXN54ZB9elcjEFNxvkk2LXK56Jnhe2VV-MXAO5USAIyRa7JV0dUTi1tVg0YIC58PmnXgXy-1TWHw0jkxMi4ZURfLc/s1600/1989-11-06+Umminger+on+PX+45+tampering.jpg"><b><span style="color: #333333;">Umminger
report</span></b></a><span style="color: #333333;">, which said the Calvin cycle was "deception," that Calvin
omitted his original paper with Dr. N.G. Pon, relating the
Indiana Department of Revenue's action with NSF Office of Inspector General, NSF
General Counsel's Office and Purdue to the court's abbreviation of the PX 45
tape.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12877068353808561816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7647826140700304496.post-35353372002275543842012-07-10T09:44:00.002-07:002012-07-11T04:51:50.437-07:00Post commemorating Purdue trustees' appointment of Governor Daniels as Purdue University President<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 class="ys_heading" style="text-align: center;">
The author's note: This post records NSFfunding.com's Proposal Website on the Purdue University Board of Trustees' appointment, on June 21, 2012, of Indiana Governor Daniels as President of Purdue University to succeed the current President France Cordova. The sequence of events for that appointment dates from the winter of 2008-09. The opening sections of the Website as of June 21, 2012 were arranged as they reflected the development immediately before and after the appointment. The result was a choppy mumble-jumbo. A re-integration of the facts was in order, a transition to the current Proposal Website at <a href="http://nsffunding.com/">http://nsffunding.com</a>, and hence this commemorative "Governor Deniels appointment issue." </h2>
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<h1 class="ys_heading" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/" id="sys_heading" style="color: #111111; font-size: 35px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">NSFfunding.com Homepage</a></h1>
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<ul>
<li class="selected first"><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/" title="Index">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/proposal.php" title="Workshop Proposal">Workshop Proposal</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/about-nsf-and-nsffunding-com.php" title="About NSF and NSFfunding com">About NSF and NSFfunding com</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/the-calvin-cycle.php" title="Appendix I. Calvin Cycle">Appendix I. Calvin Cycle</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/klitzkes-investigation-of-px-45-tape.php" title="Appendix II. Klitzke's Investigation of PX 45 Tape">Appendix II. IDR's Investigation of PX 45 Tape</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/notices-and-letters.php" title="Aooendix III. Notices and Letters">Appendix III. Notices and Letters</a></li>
<li class="last"><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/epilogue.php" title="Epilogue">Epilogue</a></li>
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<tr style="mso-row-margin-right: 78.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td colspan="3" style="background: white; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0in; width: 297.5pt;" valign="top" width="397"><h2 align="left" style="margin: 0in 11.5pt 0pt 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 18pt;"><a href="http://www.nsf.gov/"><span style="color: #000099; font-family: Impact;"><strong>National Science Foundation</strong></span></a></span></h2>
<div align="left" style="margin: 0in 11.5pt 0pt 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #33bbff; font-size: medium;"><strong>HOME of Calvin cycle, dark photosynthesis</strong></span></div>
<div align="right" style="margin: 0in 11.5pt 0pt 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #aaff00; font-family: Gill Sans MT,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-size: small;">Beering on making of the Calvin cycle</span></strong></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="margin: 0in 11.5pt 0pt 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Banner image of principals - from left - Dick Posner; <strong>Frank Fong; Melvin Calvin; Don Powers; Dick Lugar; and Steve Beering</strong></span></span></span><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></strong></div>
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;"><div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #0000cc; font-size: medium;">U.S. Treasury's recovery of losses from Calvin cycle</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #0000cc; font-size: medium;">A proposal synopsis</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #0000cc; font-size: medium;">by</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.google.com/profiles/frankkfong?hl=en"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4; font-size: medium;">Francis K. Fong</span></strong></a></div>
</span></strong><br />
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<strong><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Gill Sans MT,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;"></span></span></span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><span style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><strong><strong><strong><strong><span style="color: #0061b4;"><img height="185" src="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/nsf01.gif?timestamp=1256689576361" style="height: 128px; width: 173px;" width="167" /></span></strong></strong></strong></strong></span></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong>HOME OF THE CALVIN CYCLE</strong> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Gill Sans MT,sans-serif; font-size: large;"><strong>Photosynthesis in the dark</strong></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Prosecuting the Calvin cycle, a conspiracy to defraud the IRS</span></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Abstract</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Calvin cycle, the dark reaction in photosynthesis, which begins with a splitting of the 6-carbon addition adduct into two 3-PGA molecules, reaction (D), was ruled out by Melvin Calvin in his Nobel Lecture. See, Fig. 20 of Calvin,M. (1964),[</span><a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1961/calvin-lecture.html"><span style="color: #0061b4; font-size: medium;"><strong>1</strong></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">]</span> "The path of carbon in photosynthesis." The Nobel Lecture<em>,</em> delivered on December 11, 1961<em>,</em> From Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1942–1962. Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp 618–644, at 638.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; 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font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: medium;">That the Calvin cycle became established as a National Science Foundation fraud case took several stages of development. In March of 1986, Acting Dean of Purdue's School of Science James Yackel wrote the Purdue Chemistry Department Executive Committee on the significance of the author Francis K. Fong's demonstration of the chlorophyll water-splitting light reaction, reaction (L).[<strong><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWZTA2N2U1YzAtODQ0NS00N2ZlLTg2MGUtYzY1MzliMmZmM2E1/edit"><span style="color: #0061b4;">2</span></a></strong>] In 1988, Dr. Yackel's letter was corroborated by the sworn testimony of Purdue University President Steven C. Beering.[<strong><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWeUxIVUIzUF9aWDQ/edit"><span style="color: #0061b4;">3</span></a></strong>] In 1989, the NSF issued a report, stating that the Calvin cycle was the result of "deception."[<strong><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHM88qzPkFbJYUBcULSM7zQEBmfuOsuzi7mqZoV1Hz9J3KY5SXQtbXN54ZB9elcjEFNxvkk2LXK56Jnhe2VV-MXAO5USAIyRa7JV0dUTi1tVg0YIC58PmnXgXy-1TWHw0jkxMi4ZURfLc/s1600/1989-11-06+Umminger+on+PX+45+tampering.jpg"><span style="color: #0061b4;">4</span></a></strong>] </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In 1955, Melvin Calvin of Berkeley with Alexander Wilson published their finding of reaction (L), Wilson,A.T. and Calvin,M. (1955) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 5948-5957, in support of an earlier conclusion by Calvin that photosynthesis occurred in the light, Calvin and Massini (1952) Experientia 8, 445-484. All of the Berkeley group's subsequent papers, up to Calvin's final experimental paper with N.G. Pon, corroborated photosynthesis as a light-driven, noncyclic reaction, reaction (L), involving a reductive enzyme system other than that, RuBisco (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase), in reaction (D). See, Calvin,M. and Pon,N.G. (1959) J. Cellular Comp. Physiol., 54, Suppl. 1, 51-74; see, also, Bassham, J.A. and Kirk, M. (1960) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 43, 447-464. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In 1995, Dr. Beering wrote that the making of the Calvin cycle, reaction (D), was motivated by Purdue trustees' for-profit concerns in their incorporation of Purdue-Calumet Development Foundation, and that the rendering dark of Calvin's finding of reaction (L) was accomplished by Purdue trustees' release, in July of 1955, of a news story contrary to Wilson and Calvin (1955) - a systemwide funding scheme enforced by the trustees' payment of a $250,000 bribe to Judge Richard A. Posner[<strong><a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWZTRiOGRlNWItZjYxMy00OThiLWIzN2EtNWI5NTZlNTFmZDYy&hl=en"><span style="color: #0061b4;">5</span></a></strong>] and subsequent payments of 5-figure sums to generations of IRS executives.[<strong><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWNmY5ZGE2ZWMtYTMyMC00NDczLWIzNmYtYjJhNzk2M2E1MmUx/edit?hl=en_US"><span style="color: #0061b4;">6</span></a></strong>] </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: medium;">No issue of scientific controversy exists. NSF's 1989 finding of the Calvin cycle as a deception is backed by the original papers published in the permanent literature, see, Francis K. and Butcher, Karen A. (1988) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 150, 399-404, in support of Calvin and Massini (1952), Wilson and Calvin (1955), Calvin and Pon (1959), Bassham and Kirk (1960), and Calvin (1964). To finish this Proposal Website, a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; 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font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: medium;">t stake is Deputy Assistant U.S. Attorney General John DiCicco's failing to arrange for the White House staff to witness Indiana Deputy General Counsel Doug Klitzke's finding as to Judge Posner's procedure for Mr. DiCicco's senior staff to abbreviate Dr. Beering's tape recording of the meeting of October 8, 1986, "the PX 45 tape,"(<strong><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/klitzkes-investigation-of-px-45-tape.php"><span style="color: #0061b4;">7</span></a></strong>) to take from it matter relating to Indiana Associate Justice Frank Sullivan's certification of a fictitious order to supplant the Indiana Supreme Court Writ of Mandamus described in the author's report of December 31, 1996 to IR Commissioner Margaret Richardson, "the 1996 report."(<strong><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/3%20December%20return.jpg"><span style="color: #0061b4;">8</span></a></strong>) The issue involves Lafayette U.S. Postmaster's report to the U.S. Postal Inspection of former Intelligence Director John Deutch's execution of the contract hits ordered by Judge Posner for Purdue-Calumet Development Foundation Director Jay Given and Carbon Reduction Vice President Don MacLauchlan, in connection with Fong's submissions of December 31, 2011 before Energy Secretary Steven Chu.(<a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/02/given-and-maclauchlan-murders-west.html"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4;">9</span></strong></a>) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This Proposal Website is concerned with the funding scheme reported by Dr. Beering, as outlined in the 1996 report, a durable well-planned conspiracy to defraud the Internal Revenue Service enforced by IRS executives, assisted by well-placed individuals at all three branches of the United States government. The NSF accepted NSFfunding.com's New Organization Registration Request[<strong><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/about-nsf-and-nsffunding-com.php"><span style="color: #0061b4;">10</span></a></strong>] to seek funding for an NSF workshop for the United States to investigate and recover the U.S. Treasury's losses arising from the Calvin cycle, in partial satisfaction of the parties' performance required under an IR Code 7623 contract[<strong><a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/01/contract-with-treasury.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">11</span></a></strong>] authorized by President William J. Clinton.[<strong><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/3%20December%20return.jpg"><span style="color: #0061b4;">12</span></a>,<a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/08/open-communication-on-dismissal-of-john.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">13</span></a></strong>] </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;"></span></strong> </div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Statement of fact</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><em><u>Purdue Board appoints Mitch Daniels</u></em></strong>.</span> <span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">On May 4, 2012, the author issued an "Open Letter to Candidate-Finalist for Purdue Trustees' Appointment of Purdue's Successor President to Dr. France A. Cordova."[<strong><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/notices-and-letters.php"><span style="color: #0061b4;">1</span></a></strong>] On June 11, 2012, Corporate Secretary Janice Beard of Purdue Board of Trustees wrote to forward to the Board his thoughts, in a letter to Judge Richard Posner's Chief Research Assistant Emily Rush,[<strong><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWdEZpSE5hbTdyVGc/edit"><span style="color: #0061b4;">2</span></a></strong>] on the best appointee for Purdue's next president - why, since 2008, the author has preferred Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels to outsider France Cordova as one capable of resolving the Calvin cycle, or dark reaction in photosynthesis, from which arose the predominantly Indiana issues presented on this Proposal Website. Hours after Ms. Beard wrote, the Board of Trustees appointed Governor Daniels the next President of Purdue University to succeed Dr. Cordova.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><em><u>Arrangement communicated to Bobby Hunt</u></em></strong>. On May 1, 2007, the author wrote IR Commissioner Mark Everson a letter, which was communicated on February 26, 2012 to IRS Executive Bobby Hunt.[<strong><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWMU5Ld1FJbjVFNGc/edit"><span style="color: #0061b4;">3</span></a></strong>] On May 23, 2008, NSF General Counsel Lawrence Rudolph accepted NSFfunding.com's (Fastlane) New Organization registration request.[</span><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/about-nsf-and-nsffunding-com.php"><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4</span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">] </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The issues materialized in their current form when, on November 6, 1989, NSF reported Indiana Department of Revenue's action,[<strong><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHM88qzPkFbJYUBcULSM7zQEBmfuOsuzi7mqZoV1Hz9J3KY5SXQtbXN54ZB9elcjEFNxvkk2LXK56Jnhe2VV-MXAO5USAIyRa7JV0dUTi1tVg0YIC58PmnXgXy-1TWHw0jkxMi4ZURfLc/s1600/1989-11-06+Umminger+on+PX+45+tampering.jpg"><span style="color: #0061b4;">5</span></a></strong>] by which Judge Posner abbreviated[</span><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/03/mr.html"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">6</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">] Purdue president Steve Beering's tape recording of the October 8, 1986 meeting, "the PX 45 tape."[</span><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/klitzkes-investigation-of-px-45-tape.php"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">7</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">]. Dr. Beering called this meeting to summarize the findings of an Extraordinary Committee convened by Provost Felix Haas. The subject matter concerned how Purdue trustees "rendered dark" Melvin Calvin's finding of the light reaction in photosynthesis. IDR by its action had Posner abbreviate the PX 45 tape to take from it matter the author incorporated in his 1995 Form 1040 return filed December 31, 1996 with IR Commissioner Margaret Richardson, "the 1996 report."[</span><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/3%20December%20return.jpg"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">8</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">] </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In March of 1998, IRS Executive Rena Girinakis removed the 1996 report from the IRS's administrative file. The May 1, 2007 letter urged Mr. Everson to complete an arrangement in the fall of 2004 to relate that removal to Mr. Hunt's authorization of the U.S. mail theft to issue two Notices of Federal Tax Liens involving the author.[<strong><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/notices-and-letters.php"><span style="color: #0061b4;">9</span></a></strong>] By these NFTLs, NSF Associate Inspector General Peggy Fischer enabled Purdue Employees Federal Credit Union, a financial institution in West Lafayette, Indiana, as a venue for Judge Posner to transfer the proceeds from a John Doe Trust in Mercantile National Bank in Hammond, Indiana, through which were laundered the moneys the court took from Treasury in furtherance of federal funding of dark photosynthesis research.[</span><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/10/letter-to-oig-senior-counsel-monte.html"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">10</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">] </span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In February of 2008, Mr. Everson completed the arrangement as requested. He amended the First of the two NFTLs for its release on April 15, 2008, in anticipation of Judge Posner's order for Indiana Associate Justice Frank Sullivan to cover for the "Order Denying Writ Petition" named in the 1996 report, so Mr. Hunt could Refile the First NFTL, which Posner needed for DOJ (Tax) Chief Pat Mullarkey to sue the author in the tax collection suit,<u> United States v. Francis K. Fong</u> - 2:2008cv00082, "the Moody Action." By then, IRS Internal Security Special Agent Terry Sparks had disclosed the identities of the shooters of the two "Calvin cycle murders" described in the 1996 report and PX 45 tape.[<strong><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/02/letter-to-terry-sparks-special-agent.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">11</span></a></strong>] As expected, PEFCU by its General Counsel Andy Gutwein produced the RNFTL. Apparently neither Mr. Hunt nor Mr. Gutwein knew how or why Mr. Everson had released the NFTL on Amendment (ANFTL).[<strong><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/04/letter-in-reply-to-diciccos-finger.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">12</span></a></strong>] The resulting RNFTL was a botched cut-and-paste job, in which the taxpayers were incorrectly named, and the signature date preceded the printing date of the IRS form on which the purported lien was made.[</span><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/04/open-communication-to-france-cordova-on.html"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">13</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">] </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><em><u>John DiCicco delivers documents</u></em></strong>. The court (Moody) in <u>United States v. Francis K. Fong</u> entered a judgment in an approximate sum of $100,000 against the defendant Fong, but D<span style="font-size: medium;">eputy Assistant U.S. Attorney General John DiCicco, Mr. Mullarkey's superior officer, </span>thought better than collecting that judgment. Among other things, the RNFTL being a botched cut-and-paste job, a fraud, plaintiff United States' trial counsel Doug Snoeyenbos refused to oppose the defendant Fong's motion papers;[<strong><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/02/given-and-maclauchlan-murders-west.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">14</span></a></strong>] and Judge Moody was forced into affirming U.S. Magistrate Judge Paul Cherry's confession that the court (Moody) had transferred the original PX 45 tape to Mr. Mullarkey in exchange for "the PX 46 tape," from which was taken the matter incorporated in the removed 1995 return.[</span><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/03/mr.html"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">6</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">] </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Instead, on March 11, 2011, Mr.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> DiCicco caused to have issued two Certificates of Release of Federal Tax Lien. Of the two CRFTLs, the one purporting to release the RNFTL, a fraud, proved to be a fraud itself.[<strong><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/02/notice-of-amendment-to-purdue.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">15</span></a></strong>] To make things worse, Mr. DiCicco was unable to issue a CRFTL for the second NFTL,[<strong><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWbERjZ3d4RWkyZzg/edit"><span style="color: #0061b4;">16</span></a></strong>] which accounts for his failing to arrange for the White House staff to witness IDR Deputy General Counsel Doug Klitzke's finding as to Judge Posner's PX 45/PX 46 exchange procedure for Justice Sullivan to cover up the Given and MacLauchlan murders.[<a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/03/mr.html"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4;">6</span></strong></a>,<a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/02/given-and-maclauchlan-murders-west.html"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4;">14</span></strong></a>] In April of 2011, Mr. DiCicco compounded his mistakes by delivering certain "documents,"[<strong><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/04/letter-in-reply-to-diciccos-finger.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">17</span></a></strong>] which betrayed his acquiescence to the organized activity for supervising ranks of the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts to facilitate the court's theft of the moneys from Treasury.[<strong><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/04/letter-in-reply-to-diciccos-finger.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">18</span></a></strong>] These documents, which relate to the matter Judge Posner took from PX 46 as it pertains to<span style="font-size: medium;"> Purdue trustees' payment to that judge of a $250,000 bribe,[<strong><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWZTRiOGRlNWItZjYxMy00OThiLWIzN2EtNWI5NTZlNTFmZDYy/edit"><span style="color: #0061b4;">19</span></a></strong>]</span> show that, being in absolute control of the Woodmar trust res (the $48,903.81), Purdue trustees president Don Powers on Posner's acceptance of the $250,000 payment controlled the district court's taking possession, absent the mandated Sec. 2042 order, of the $48,903.81.[<strong><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/03/correspondence-from-francis-k-fong-to.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">18</span></a></strong>] Mr. DiCicco thus identified himself as the DOJ component of Dr. Fischer's "coordinated action," as her senior counsel Monte Fisher put it,[<strong><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWYmI3MGFhZDQtZDhkNC00YmE1LWEyNGYtNzMyMDI0Mjg1OWFk/edit"><span style="color: #0061b4;">20</span></a></strong>] by which she was assured of personal enrichment by reason of the money transfers from Treasury,[<a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/10/letter-to-oig-senior-counsel-monte.html"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4;">10</span></strong></a>] even while DiCicco secured from discovery his participation in the Given and MacLauchln murders by Ms. Girinakis' removal of the 1996 report and Mr. Mullarkey's substitution of the PX 45 by the PX 46 tape for Judge Moody to certify as the "original PX 45 tape."[<a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/02/given-and-maclauchlan-murders-west.html"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4;">14</span></strong></a>] </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><em><u>Statutory scheme for United States' recovery</u></em></strong>. On February 25, 2012, the author advised the Purdue Board of Trustees that the fact finding supports a case for criminal sanctions under the General Conspiracy Statute, 18 U.S.C. Sec. 371.[<strong><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/02/notice-of-amendment-to-purdue.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">21</span></a></strong>] Sec. 371 and the Federal RICO and False Claims Acts provide a statutory scheme, in which the acts of concealment by Wikipedia's administration[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3ACalvin_cycle"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">22</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">] and the Lafayette Journal & Courier's (Gannet News Service) executive editorial staff[</span><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWdEZpSE5hbTdyVGc/edit"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">] to cover up Judge Posner's First [</span><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/4%20Beering%203.jpg"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Crumpacker<strong> v. </strong>Gettinger</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">, USDC, N.D.Ind., No. H83-700 (7-12-84)] and Second [<u>Francis<strong> K. </strong>Fong<strong> v. </strong>Purdue<strong> </strong>University</u>, 7th Cir. 976 F.2d 735, <em>affirm</em>. 692 F.Supp. 930] Orders to close the Given and MacLauchlan contracts[</span><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/02/given-and-maclauchlan-murders-west.html"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">23</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">] may properly be prosecutable as overt acts. First disclosed by Dr. Beering in May of 1995,[</span><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWZTRiOGRlNWItZjYxMy00OThiLWIzN2EtNWI5NTZlNTFmZDYy/edit"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">19</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">] the Second Posner Order was not put to use until May of 2004, when Robert Quigley of Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration authorized[<strong><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/11/letter-to-quigley-on-nta-case-number.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">24</span></a></strong>] the court (Moody) to use a fictitious docket for Woodmar Realty's bankruptcy proceedings[<strong><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/08/open-communication-on-dismissal-of-john.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">25</span></a></strong>] to "deny" the author's claim to the stolen moneys from Treasury as finder of the same, and "grant"[</span><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/2004-05-07%20Moody%20order%20using%20Posner%20II.PDF"><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>26</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">] fictitious Woodmar petitioners (in May of 2004, all Woodmar successors-in-interest were long dead) the $48,903.81 from Treasury[<strong><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/03/correspondence-from-francis-k-fong-to.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">18</span></a></strong>] - which was decades earlier, in 1978, redistributed to revenue officers and NSF OIG personnel.[</span><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/10/letter-to-oig-senior-counsel-monte.html"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">10</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">]</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">For civil claims under the Federal RICO and False Claims Acts, which provide treble money damages for recovery by the United States, Treasury has made a commitment to the author of legal counsel and accompanying accounting expertise to submit this Proposal Website for funding by the National Science Foundation.[<strong><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/11/letter-to-quigley-on-nta-case-number.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">24</span></a></strong>]</span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Foreword</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">The author brings to a close his investigation of the Calvin cycle, which he discovered in 1958-59 while an undergraduate student at Princeton University.[<strong><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/02/how-author-francis-k-fong-discovered.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">1</span></a></strong>] </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">On May 12, 2008, the National Science Foundation approved NSFfunding.com's New Organization registration request.[<strong><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/about-nsf-and-nsffunding-com.php"><span style="color: #0061b4;">2</span></a></strong>] On August 22, 2008, the United States District Court (Moody) admitted [</span><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/03/mr.html"><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><strong>3</strong></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">] that, by Indiana Department of Revenue's action reported by NSF Division (Cellular Biosciences) Director Bruce Umminger,[<strong><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHM88qzPkFbJYUBcULSM7zQEBmfuOsuzi7mqZoV1Hz9J3KY5SXQtbXN54ZB9elcjEFNxvkk2LXK56Jnhe2VV-MXAO5USAIyRa7JV0dUTi1tVg0YIC58PmnXgXy-1TWHw0jkxMi4ZURfLc/s1600/1989-11-06+Umminger+on+PX+45+tampering.jpg"><span style="color: #0061b4;">4</span></a></strong>] it traded the audio recording of a meeting on the Calvin cycle convened by Purdue president Steve Beering on October 8, 1986, the PX 45 tape,[<strong><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/klitzkes-investigation-of-px-45-tape.php"><span style="color: #0061b4;">5</span></a></strong>] for the PX 46 tape, an abbreviated version of PX 45, from which Judge Richard Posner, by U.S. Justice Department (Tax) Chief Pat Mullarkey on Deputy Assistant U.S. Attorney General John DiCicco's staff, deleted Dr. Beering's account of the murder of Jay Given, PCDF (Purdue-Calumet Development Foundation) Director.[</span><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/02/letter-to-idr-deputy-general-counsel.html"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">6</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">] </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">In the winter of 2008-09, IDR Deputy General Counsel Doug Klitzke wrote to rectify IDR's action.[</span><a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/07/buschs-warning-upon-doug-klitzkes.html"><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><strong>7</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">] On August 30, 2011, addressing Melvin Calvin's original papers,[</span><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/2011-05-27%20from%20Doug%20Klitzke%20offering%20to%20address%20IN%20tax%20questions.doc"><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">8</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">] Fong related attorney Frank Sullivan's legal counsel for then Indiana Secretary of State Evan Bayh to alter Munster Medical Research Foundation's incorporation papers, for which Bayh as Indiana Governor appointed Sullivan as Indiana Supreme Court Associate Justice.[</span><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/2011-08-30%20letter%20on%20Indiana%20tax%20questions%20to%20Klitz.doc"><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">9</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">] In December 2011, Klitzke asked Fong to call in the FBI or Indiana State Police to investigate Sullivan's action with Tom Busch, a local trial judge, to record the RNFTL (Refiled Notice of Federal Tax Lien), an issue central to the Calvin cycle inquiry.[</span><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/about-nsf-and-nsffunding-com.php"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">10</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">] Meanwhile</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> hackers broke into Fong's computer files; and, in an email thread dating from May 10, 2012, Fong and Klitzke agreed to adopt a procedure along the following lines:[<strong><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWRUEtSmh0QWxibUk/edit"><span style="color: #0061b4;">11</span></a></strong>] </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">In agreeing to work with Mr. Klitzke, in 2008-09, Fong made clear that the collaboration was to end in a joint petition involving IDR Commissioner John Eckart for Governor Daniels to order an investigation by the state police. Mr. Klitzke suggested that a meeting with Mr. Eckart to discuss this end result be deferred until such time the underlying state and federal issues can be separately identified. On May 14, 2012, Fong wrote, for issues clearly outside IDR's interest, Mr. DiCicco had provided his contact telephone numbers to call in the FBI. </span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The question as to separating matters of IDR interest from those of concern to DOJ is likely to be one of disentangling intertwined state and federal issues. Obviously, by IDR's action for the court to abbreviate the original PX 45 tape</span><span style="font-size: medium;">, Judge Posner took matter from PX 45 to conceal his simple plan to keep afloat the Calvin cycle. The simple plan exploded into undertakings of violence by former Intelligence Director John Deutch,[<strong><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/notices-and-letters.php"><span style="color: #0061b4;">12</span></a></strong>] who enforced the Calvin cycle by the murders of <strong>Jay Given,</strong>[</span></span><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/08/open-communication-on-dismissal-of-john.html"><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><strong>13</strong></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">] a director of Purdue-Calumet Development Foundation, and Carbon Reduction vice president Don MacLauchlan, who sponsored the NSF proposal on Fong's discovery[</span><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/02/how-author-francis-k-fong-discovered.html"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">14</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">] of the Calvin cycle<span style="color: #333333;">. M</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">urders are state crimes that are predicate offenses of the Federal RICO Act.</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">This Foreword was published online at 7:15 a.m. on June 21, 2012, a few hours before Purdue trustees' announcement of the next President of Purdue University to succeed Dr. Cordova. </span><br />
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Unraveling the Calvin cycle</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><em><u>Pre-requisites</u></em></strong>. Four pre-requisites for the reader to understand this Website are as follows. First, it is universally recognized, by readers of the original literature, that the Calvin cycle,[</span><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/the-calvin-cycle.php"><span style="color: orange;"><strong><span style="color: #0000cc; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">1</span></strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">] the dark reaction in photosynthesis or reaction (D),</span> is contrary to Melvin Calvin's finding of reaction (L), the photosynthetic light reaction</span></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">. Second, Calvin did not discover the Calvin cycle</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">. The author Francis K. Fong did.<span style="background-color: white;">[</span></span></span><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/02/how-author-francis-k-fong-discovered.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong><span style="background-color: white; color: #0000cc; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">2</span></strong></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">] Third, the United States is not a nation by the people according to Richard A. Posner, but one by those who have judges and public officials on their payroll. Judge Posner wrote:[</span><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/02/richard-posners-rationalization-for.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong><span style="color: #0088cc; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3</span></strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">]</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">"So what is wrong with bribing public officials to obtain public services, provided the practice is known and wages are adjusted accordingly? In effect, bribes shift the financing of public services from taxes to a combination of taxes and fees for service. By injecting a market element into public services, bribes can actually improve efficiency when used to get around rigid or inefficient rules." </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Fourth, and most important, this model for public corruption is not mere theory.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><em><u>The Calvin cycle puzzle</u></em></strong>. In 1978, at the behest of DOE Deputy Energy Director Doug Pewitt, Fong visited with Calvin. In a day-long conference at Asilomar, CA, he pressed Calvin for a solution to the puzzle: What caused the community not to read Calvin's original papers on reaction (L)? Or, today, what causes the readers of those papers not to pierce the veils of fraud that make reaction (D) the peer review standard for photosynthesis research, and allow Wikipedia's carefully constructed Calvin cycle page to deceive its following of millions incapable of reading Calvin's papers into believing that the Calvin cycle is the accepted truth backed by hia C-14 tracer experiments?[<strong><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=16&ved=0CGMQFjAFOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTalk%253ACalvin_cycle&ei=bxLhT-6dFKTw2gX8-9W1Cw&usg=AFQjCNHg9YCw8bviz416R_6TU6OjHh8QNQ"><span style="color: #0061b4;">4</span></a></strong>]</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In 1978-79, Purdue provost Felix Haas convened an extraordinary committee involving Fong, Purdue Research Foundation vice-president Bob Greenkorn and Purdue academic vice-presidents Don Brown and Bill Fischang to investigate the puzzle. In 1989, pursuant to Beering's disclosures on the PX 45 tape, the inquiry was resumed by NSF Program (Cellular Biochemistry) Director Jim Siedow (now vice-provost of research at Duke University) and Dr. Umminger. As a result, t</span>he NSF reported ("the Umminger-Siedow report") that the Calvin cycle was a product of "deception."[<strong><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWaDVQQzFXSUJQM1k/edit?pli=1"><span style="color: #0061b4;">5]</span></a></strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1994, NSF Chemistry Division Director Janet Osteryoung telephoned Fong for a proposal on NSF’s peer review standard for funding photosynthesis research. She communicated[</span><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/5%20letter%20from%20Osteryoung.jpg"><strong><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">6</span></span></strong></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">] to NSF General Counsel William C. Harris a summary of Dr. Beering's disclosures. Beering responded, in care of Harris,[</span><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/9-28-96%20to%20Harris%20on%20Beering's%20letter.JPG"><span style="color: blue;"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">7</span></strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">] with three letters dated May 15 and May 19, 1995 on how the Calvin cycle came into being.[</span><a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2010/01/why-simple-plan-should-have-worked.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">8</span></span></strong></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">] The U.S. Attorney by an order of the District Court confirmed the authenticity of these letters,[</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBl0eBcR1cH5eyMGEpi-Ma2-XChYeLGVVSnvIXWl-z75U4dtBmGGa3zLblc5BGxw4wBnLENUEamJ_u8dwCy4idV16J_dh6QIOJeeumLpIrm4wh-0Ib8vWSJTX4CS_uIL-bftMr_sLNeyA/s1600/MOODY+order+authenticating+Beering+letters.jpg"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">9</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">] which reported that, by the payment of bribes, Purdue trustees accomplished as follows:</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(letter </span></span><a href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B3qF7wEqlXQWNmY5ZGE2ZWMtYTMyMC00NDczLWIzNmYtYjJhNzk2M2E1MmUx&hl=en_US" style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">I</span></strong></span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Trebuchet MS;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">) In 1955, they<span style="color: black;"> entered into an agreement with Calvin/Berkeley to use federal reimbursement funding to develop real estate. They issued a fictitious newspaper story<span style="color: #333333;"> contrary to Calvin's finding[<a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">10</span></strong></a>] of the photosynthetic light reaction[</span><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/fong-corroborates-calvin.php"><span style="color: #0061b4;"><strong>11</strong></span></a>]<span style="color: #333333;"> </span>for Calvin to establish photosynthesis as a dark reaction, i.e., the Calvin cycle, enforced by</span></span> the murders of</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Trebuchet MS;"></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(letter </span></span><a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWMmEyNDM2ODctNWY0MS00MDk4LWJlYTQtZmUwMTM0NjRhZTU2&hl=en" style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">II</span></strong></span></a><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">) in 1981, Jay Given,[</span></span><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/08/open-communication-on-dismissal-of-john.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">12</span></strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">]<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Purdue-Calumet Development Foundation Director; and</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(letter </span></span><a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWZTRiOGRlNWItZjYxMy00OThiLWIzN2EtNWI5NTZlNTFmZDYy&hl=en" style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">III</span></strong></span></a><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">) in 1989, Carbon Reduction vice president Don MacLauchlan, sponsor for Fong's NSF proposal on his discovery</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> of the Calvin cycle.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1998, <span style="font-size: medium;">Mike Eisert, Systems Accountant, Accounting and Financial Systems Division, Analysis and Policy Staff of the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts,[<strong><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWYTdlNzI5MmMtNjEzZC00OTVjLTk0ZTQtNzRmYjYxZWE3NGNm/edit"><span style="color: #0061b4;">13</span></a></strong>] joined Fong in tackling the puzzle. </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Mr. Eisert analyzed the simple plan[<strong><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/03/correspondence-from-francis-k-fong-to.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">14</span></a></strong>] obtained by Purdue trustees' payment of $250,000 to Judge Richard A. Posner,[<a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWZTRiOGRlNWItZjYxMy00OThiLWIzN2EtNWI5NTZlNTFmZDYy/edit"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4;">15</span></strong></a>] by which Purdue trustees president Don Powers took control[<a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/04/letter-in-reply-to-diciccos-finger.html"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4;">16</span></strong></a>] of the 7th Circuit Court to transfer bankrupt Woodmar Realty's cash assets from U.S. Treasury into funding pools.[<strong><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/10/letter-to-oig-senior-counsel-monte.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">17</span></a></strong>] The proceeds from these pools, in part at least, were used to enforce the Calvin cycle and render impotent the United States' development of photosynthesis as an alternative energy.[<strong><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/3%20December%20return.jpg"><span style="color: #0061b4;">18</span></a></strong>] </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: large;">Synopsis of workshop proposal</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A two-part workshop proposal is outlined for the United States' investigation to enable Treasury's recovery of its losses arising from the bribe-driven transactions.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In <u>Part I</u>, i</span></span>t is proposed for the United States to investigate whether the Calvin cycle is universally recognized as a fraud by readers of Calvin's original papers, but it had been forced upon the community on Purdue trustees' $250,000 payment to Judge Posner,[<strong><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWZTRiOGRlNWItZjYxMy00OThiLWIzN2EtNWI5NTZlNTFmZDYy/edit"><span style="color: #0061b4;">1</span></a></strong>] followed by payments of 5-figure sums to successive generations of IRS executives.[</span><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWMmY2YmNjZjgtYThjZi00Njg5LTkzMTgtZmUwZWUxNTRjOGQ0/edit"><strong><span style="color: #0088cc; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">] Thereby Mr. Powers directed[<strong><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/04/letter-in-reply-to-diciccos-finger.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">3</span></a></strong>] the court to transfer moneys from Treasury for NSF Deputy Director George Pimentel's redistribution to revenue officers and</span> Office of Inspector General staff in furtherance of federal funding of dark photosynthesis research.[<a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/10/letter-to-oig-senior-counsel-monte.html"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4;">4</span></strong></a>] The inquiry here is whether the bribe-driven transactions amount to a tax-related conspiracy prosecutable under the general conspiracy statute, 18 U.S.C.<span style="color: black;"> <strong>§</strong></span> 371.[<a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3qF7wEqlXQWRTVPNHNVWjMwM00/edit"><strong><span style="color: blue;">5</span></strong></a>]</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Accordingly, in <u>Part II</u>, it is further propposed for the United States to investigate whether, to reaffirm the Calvin cycle as NSF's peer review standard, NSF Associate Inspector General Peggy Fischer prevented the parties from performing the IR Code Section 7623 contract involving Fong and Treasury; whether, to that end, IRS executives removed from IRS's administrative file Fong's 1995 Form 1040 return consisting of a report on Posner's abbreviation of the PX 45 tape to take from it matter pertaining to the Given and MacLauchlan murders, culminating in Purdue Employees Federal Credit Union's production of a cut-and-paste Refiled Notice of Federal Tax Lien to implicate Dr. Cordova.[<strong><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/02/given-and-maclauchlan-murders-west.html"><span style="color: #0000cc;">6</span></a>]</strong></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: large;">About this Website and its Author</span></strong></span></span></span></div>
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The work reported on this Website is based on research funded by the NSF. It is a study in Posner's application of his economic model for public corruption,[<a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/02/richard-posners-rationalization-for.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong><span style="color: #0088cc;">1</span></strong></span></a>] the mechanism for defrauding the United States by forcing upon the community the opposites to Calvin's original papers to make dark the light reaction in photosynthesis, and render light the Z scheme of dark reactions.[<strong><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/the-calvin-cycle.php"><span style="color: #0061b4;">2</span></a></strong>] </div>
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This Website brings to a close 5 1/2 decades of Fong's <em>preliminary</em> investigation dating from his discovery of the Calvin cycle during 1958-59.[<a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/02/how-author-francis-k-fong-discovered.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">3</span></a>] It is derived from his letter of February 10, 2012 to Mr. Klitzke[<a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2012/02/given-and-maclauchlan-murders-west.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">4</span></a>] (U.S. mail theft germane to Energy Secretary's review of this site) and that of April 29, 2011 to Mr. DiCicco[<a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/04/letter-in-reply-to-diciccos-finger.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">5</span></a>] (Purdue trustees' control over Posner of money transfer from Treasury). </div>
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The author, a long-time Professor of Chemistry at Purdue, is the founder and Chief Science Officer of NSFfunding.com. On May 12, 2008, NSF approved NSFfunding.com's New Organization Registration Request.[<strong><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/about-nsf-and-nsffunding-com.php"><span style="color: #0061b4;">6</span></a></strong>] It provided the URL for this Website, <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: #0000cc; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>www.nsffunding.com</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">, </span>and issued guidelines for NSFfunding.com to use the Rotating Globe Logo in compliance with an IR Code Sec. 7623 contract authorized by <span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">President William J. Clinton to recover Treasury's losses from the Calvin cycle.[<a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/01/contract-with-treasury.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">7</span></a>]</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="statcounter"><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/08/open-communication-on-dismissal-of-john.html"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: medium;"><strong>Presidential appointment</strong></span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: medium;"><strong> | </strong></span><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/12/senator-lugars-connections-to-chicago.html"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: medium;"><strong>Origins of Calvin cycle: Munster Plains</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;"><strong><span style="color: #333333; font-size: medium;"> | </span></strong></span><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: medium;"><strong>Cordova's finding</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;"><strong><span style="color: #333333; font-size: medium;"> | </span><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: medium;"><strong>Letters</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;"><strong><span style="color: #333333; font-size: medium;"> | </span><a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: medium;"><strong>Richard A. Posner</strong></span></a><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: medium;"><strong> | </strong></span><a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/07/buschs-warning-upon-doug-klitzkes.html"><span style="background-color: #e0e0e0; color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: medium;"><strong>Busch's Warning</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: #e0e0e0;"> </span>| </span></strong></span><a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2009/12/nationwide-counsel-kyrouacs-knowledge.html"><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: medium;"><strong>The Moody Action</strong></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;"><strong> </strong></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;"><strong>| </strong></span></span><a href="http://hydrogeneconomyfromphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: medium;"><strong>AOUSC's Report</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: medium;"><strong> | </strong></span><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2011/03/wikipedia-making-of-calvin-cycle.html"><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: medium;"><strong>Wikipedia Calvin Cycle Site</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;"> | </span><a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/02/nta-case-no-3221334-treasurys.html"><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: medium;"><strong>Hunt Submissions</strong></span></a></strong></span></span></strong></span></strong></span></span></span></div>
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</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12877068353808561816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7647826140700304496.post-63140028127542404202011-03-21T05:29:00.000-07:002012-08-04T08:11:24.786-07:00The Wikipedia Calvin Cycle Site: Tansition to NSFfunding.com's Website on the Calvin Cycle Ponzi Scheme<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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This blog complements <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><strong><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">NSFfunding.com's Website</span></span></strong></a> on Calvin cycle, the dark reactions in photosynthesis. The hyperlinked post, "<a href="https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWODk5MDM1NzktMDhlYS00MWY0LWFjNzMtMzJkMDc0ODZhNDhj&hl=en_US"><strong><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Wikipedea, Making of the Calvin cycle</span></strong></a>," (hereinafter "the Wikipedia Calvin cycle site" or "the predecessor site") was the immediate predecessor to the <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: inherit;"><strong>current version</strong></span></a> of that Website. This current version of the Website focuses on the question stated in the figure below.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLj9UjsmKH3AbUn4qFMH3nABGeu2hP_BBq0hE1hBAlXpyXDGa3lHgD_-eXkde-7sMH-nI7fTCeI7W6ejPwDx6bvWEc_C1ttHbfOiF6oYOJUP_n0Qv1UnfiJgUp-2EAkiesdd-wvSY4WlA/s1600/Calvin+%25281964%2529+-+Wikipedia+calvin+cycle.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="323" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLj9UjsmKH3AbUn4qFMH3nABGeu2hP_BBq0hE1hBAlXpyXDGa3lHgD_-eXkde-7sMH-nI7fTCeI7W6ejPwDx6bvWEc_C1ttHbfOiF6oYOJUP_n0Qv1UnfiJgUp-2EAkiesdd-wvSY4WlA/s640/Calvin+%25281964%2529+-+Wikipedia+calvin+cycle.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Why does Wikipedia insist on directing its vast readership into believing that the Calvin cycle, the dark reactions in </strong><br />
<strong>photosynthesis, was true and tried, when Calvin's Nobel Lecture ruled out the Calvin cycle in favor of <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">reaction (L)</span></a>?</strong></td></tr>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: large;">The Wikipedia Calvin cycle</span></strong></div>
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This, the Wikipedia Calvin cycle site, for its text used two colors. The text in black consisted of the original submissions of 12-31-10 to Energy Secretary Steven Chu, to which were added, in green, the author Francis K. Fong's extensive discussions involving the administration of Wikipedia on its presentation of the Calvin cycle - the dark reactions in photosynthesis - to the general public as tried and true. A hodgepodge, the predecessor site unravels the governmental (by its renegade employees) control and public (by Wikipedia) following enabling the operation of the Calvin cycle as a <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><strong>Ponzi scheme</strong></a>. <br />
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The Wikipedia Calvin cycle site encompasses all elements of Fong's report of 1995 to President Clinton of the National Science Foundation's evaluation of the <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/08/open-communication-on-dismissal-of-john.html"><span style="color: #3d85c6;"><strong>Deutch group's enforcement</strong></span></a>, through the control of public information and that of our state and federal governmental units, of the Calvin cycle as the peer review standard for federal funding of all photosynthesis research in this country.<br />
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The Wikipedia Calvin cycle site was <a href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B3qF7wEqlXQWMzA3OTA5YzMtNmI0Ni00Mjc2LWExNmItOTQ0ZGM3OWMwOGMz&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: #3d85c6;">reviewed</span></strong></a> primarily by Professor Dennis J. Diestler, and vigorously discussed by other members of NSFfunding.com's board of editors, known simply as "the group." <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/70th%20b-day%20dinner%201.jpg?timestamp=1255612942704" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" r6="true" src="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/70th%20b-day%20dinner%201.jpg?timestamp=1255612942704" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong>Group at</strong></span> </span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/resources/70th%20b-day%20dinner.jpg"><span style="color: #220033; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><strong>Dinner on the 30<sup>th</sup> anniversary of Fong et al's discovery of the Chl a Water Splitting reaction</strong></span></a><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><strong><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span>-</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">From left, </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://www.chem.purdue.edu/grutzner/homepage.html"><span style="color: #0061b4; font-size: x-small;">John Grutzner</span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">,</span> Margareta Fong</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://www.unl.edu/ncmn/faculty/diestler.shtml"><span style="color: #0061b4; font-size: x-small;">Dennis Diestler</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://www.chem.psu.edu/faculty/bjg"><span style="color: #0061b4; font-size: x-small;">Barbara Garrison</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">, the author,</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://live.psu.edu/image/15896"><span style="color: #0061b4; font-size: x-small;">Nick Winograd</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">, <span style="font-size: x-small;">and </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Jocelyn Grutzner</span>: <span style="font-size: x-small;">See</span> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/nsf-biophysics-program-director-martin.html"><span style="color: #0061b4;">Gathering of 2008</span></a>.</span></span></span></strong></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"><strong>Beering's warning</strong></span></div>
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The occasion for Fong to make transition to the current <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><strong>Calvin cycle Website</strong></span></a> was his <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/03/secret.html"><strong><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">posting</span></strong></a> on March 5, 2011 of a two-day discussion (October 2-3, 2010) at Penn State on the durability of Calvin cycle as a Ponzi scheme. The Ponzi scheme determination originates from an explanation by Steven C. Beering on the <a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2009/12/pcdfs-purdue-calumet-development.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">unedited PX 45 tape</span></strong></a> as a warning directed not only to Fong and Purdue, but also other academic departments in the United States which participate in the Blue Book formula for federal reimbursements from the National Science Foundation and Department of Energy:<br />
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"In 1978, MIT's John Deutch worked with the CIA, Senator Lugar's connections with organized crime in Chicago Heights, and NSF Deputy Director George Pimentel to enforce the BDPP (Bacterial Dark Photosynthesis in Plants) scheme.<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"> </span>They transferred the Woodmar trust res ("the $48,903.81") from the John Doe Trust through PEFCU for redistribution to NSF OIG lawyers and revenue officers. The purpose was to make sure that your discovery of the Calvin cycle remains unknown to the world. The academic departments in this country have been advised of dire consequences should they fail to heed NSF lawyers' warning - delivered by <strong>various appropriate means</strong> - that they are not to take note of what you report. Should you press the issue, you, your family and close associates will be dealt with drastic measures."</blockquote>
This warning led to <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><strong><span style="color: blue;">NSF's determination</span></strong></a>, Fig.A, in the fall of 1989, that the Calvin cycle was the product of "deception" on the part of Melvin Calvin, whose omission from his 1961 Nobel Lecture of the Berkeley group's finding of the light carboxylation reaction contributed, in part at least, to the indestructibility of the Calvin cycle, a Ponzi scheme that has taken Fong and his small following a quarter of century to unravel. More important is <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/03/secret.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Winograd's attribution</span></strong></a> to a membership of IRS executives, who would, if and when necessary, tamper with the United States' official records to keep in line participating university foundations in the "systemwide funding scheme" reported in the 1996 report, which is otherwise known as the <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Blue Book formula</span></strong></a> for availing not-for-profit university foundations federal re-imbursement moneys to do for-profit business. <br />
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<strong><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: large;">The secret: Calvin's Nobel Lecture</span></strong><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><strong>Fig.A. NSF's determination</strong></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: #444444;">The transition away from this, the somewhat cumbersome Wikipedia Calvin cycle website, was made possible by an analysis of "the secret," which underscores the indestructibility of the Calvin cycle</span></span><span style="color: #444444;">. <span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">In his Nobel Lecture, Calvin stated:</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">"Here the intermediate is split by hydrolysis to two molecules of phosphoglyceric acid. However, in our earlier work the possibility of a reductive fission at the same point to give one molecule of triose and one molecule of phosphoglyceric acid was considered. It was rejected in favor of the hydrolytic splitting because of our failure to find any evidence of the intermediate. However, more recent, very careful kinetic analysis of the carbon flow rates by Dr. James A. Bassham has suggested that the reductive split may indeed participate in the reaction to some extent while the light is actually on."</span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In simple English, Calvin found, by the<em> </em><strong>Berkeley group</strong>'s C-14 tracer experiments published in the permanenet literature, that photosynthesis was a light reaction, but rejected the finding - even while it was corroborated by "very careful kinetic analysis" by Bassham et al of <em>that </em><strong>Berkeley group</strong>. Beering </span><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2011/09/second-letter-and-notice-to-france.html"><strong><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">explained, on the PX 45 tape</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: inherit;">, that Calvin rejected the light reaction finding, Calvin and Pon (1959), J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 54, Suppl. 1, at <strong>65-67,</strong> to "secure IRS district directors in furtherance of Purdue trustees' ownership interest in Nipsco," a fossil oil business opposed to the United States' development of photosynthesis as an alternative energy. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In rejecting the finding of his original papers, in which the 6-C intermediate splitting yields one molecule of PGA and another of triose, Calvin's Nobel Lecture was a variant of the "photosynthetic carbon cycle" of 1955, the progeny of </span><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: inherit;">Margerum's work of fiction</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: inherit;">, in which the C-6 intermediate undergoes a hydrolytice splitting into two molecules of PGA, Fig.B.</span></span></div>
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The "photosynthetic carbon cycle</strong></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000; font-size: small;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">SF's determination, Fig.A, relates to Purdue instructor Dale Margerum's </span><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: inherit;">fictitious account</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> of the Berkeley group's C-14 tracer studies. The trustees of Purdue University cuased to have Margerum's account published in the American Chemical Society newspaper, <em>Chem. Eng. News </em>33, 2809 (July 4, 1955). Based solely on this work of fiction, in October 1995, Calvin claimed that he successfully demonstrated the photosynthetic carbon cycle, the dark reactions in photosynthesis. For this claim, he won the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In 1995, President Clinton authorized Fong's proposed investigation of the deceptive practice in furtherance of federal funding of photosynthesis research based on the Calvin cycle, Fig.C.</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjETUXcHQhUIIWODGAB8lMUSTzahCOrAT9bBv24LHff7j-WBvUE59M3OeCsibbW_NjkCrtxL3L6_v3vB639P2Ac6pgxpopejxg9b2D2TxPy4f3X-uDYreSefNHMGaju5rC6C9QTQz5bJdI/s1600/1995-06-12+Letter+of+Appointment.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjETUXcHQhUIIWODGAB8lMUSTzahCOrAT9bBv24LHff7j-WBvUE59M3OeCsibbW_NjkCrtxL3L6_v3vB639P2Ac6pgxpopejxg9b2D2TxPy4f3X-uDYreSefNHMGaju5rC6C9QTQz5bJdI/s400/1995-06-12+Letter+of+Appointment.jpg" width="290" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fig.C. </span></strong><a href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B3qF7wEqlXQWZjNmYzYyYWEtMmVjZC00NWI0LWFhYzMtY2FmZDM4MjRlYTY1&hl=en_US"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: inherit;">Appointment</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: inherit;"> by the President</span></strong></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">This photosynthetic carbon cycle became known as the Calvin cycle, in which the initial step is the hydrolytic splitting of the six-carbon intermediate into two molecules of PGA, the carboxydismutase reaction, Fig.D.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYpai-54GR2YqxCRfJA9n7S91LOjdZJs5fEFTeKNsBuSIlVL-xQihXVCIQoib-JBCOtOQhmY48PbqNygX3EpwUh7gYwNW7o7dhW-anfpvC4QhrYANmDdOQQVmJHS5KE8WKnCAHPgDxWlE/s1600/Hydrolytic+splitting+into+2PGA.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYpai-54GR2YqxCRfJA9n7S91LOjdZJs5fEFTeKNsBuSIlVL-xQihXVCIQoib-JBCOtOQhmY48PbqNygX3EpwUh7gYwNW7o7dhW-anfpvC4QhrYANmDdOQQVmJHS5KE8WKnCAHPgDxWlE/s320/Hydrolytic+splitting+into+2PGA.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Fig.D. Calvin's hydrolytic splitting of 6-C intermediate into PGA</span></strong></td></tr>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Fig.D is Fig.19 of Calvin's Nobel Lecture, the centerpiece of the dark reaction in photosynthesis. In this case, the carbon in PGA is reduced to the sugar oxidation level, thermally activated by energy from the "high-energy bonds" in ATP, by the NADPH from the "chlorophyll light reactions."</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"><strong>Reductive carbon fixation</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">For the decade of the 1950's, Calvin et al reported in their original papers that carboxylation of the RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) in the light results in direct reduction of the carbon dioxide to sugar without the intervention of NADPH and ATP. <em>See</em>, <strong>Calvin,M. and Massini,P.</strong> <strong>(1952)</strong> Experientia 8, 445-484; <strong>Wilson,A.T. and Calvin,M</strong>. (1955) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 5948-5957; <strong>Bassham, J.A., Shibata, K., Steenberg, K., Bourdon, J. and Calvin, M.</strong> <strong>(1956)</strong> J. Am. Chem. Soc., 78, 4120-4124; <strong>Bassham, J.A. and Calvin, M. (1957)</strong> "The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis," Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.; <strong>Calvin, M. and Pon, N.G. (1959)</strong> J. Cellular Comp. Physiol., 54, Suppl. 1, 51-74; and <strong>Bassham, J.A. and Kirk, M. (1960)</strong> Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 43, 447-464.</span> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Wilson and Calvin (1955) showed experimental proof of the designations in Calvin and Massini (1952) of the two different fates of the carboxylation reaction in the light (L) and dark (D). The two reaction pathways are schematically shown below:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">RuBP + CO2 ────> Triose →→→ Sucrose (L)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"> ──> 3-PGA </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"> RuBP + CO2 ────> 3-PGA + 3-PGA (D)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In the final paper of his long series of C-14 tracer studies, Calvin and Pon (1959), Calven concluded that RuBisCO, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase, is possibly not the enzyme for carbon fixation in plants; that, in fact, photosynthesis may occur via a reductive system as yet unknown. By 1961, the "very careful kinetic analysis" by Bassham et al presumably left no room for doubting the correctness of that conclusion. Therefore, no convincing grounds existed for his "rejection" of reaction (L) for his Nobel Lecture of 1961.</span> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Thankfully, in Fig.20 of the Nobel Lecture, he showed, a pictorial representation of the reductive system for splitting the 6-C intermediate into one molecule of PGA and the other, the 3-C sugar PGL, glyceraldehyde phosphate. That representation is reproduced below, in Fig.E.</span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtZKq8tj6cArZHq_heFez2KkFSR86FTt_IKRHWX-EMTPXdxI55FptkOTkcIwuyDU9ucNQgtB0RzUIPNd8I8gOJrU67YfvVbhB3-KlyY5OBFsS5S9Qvb17Fj0JNUISR0Cz46Ey3bBNDJhY/s1600/Photoreductive+splitting+to+triose+and+PGA.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtZKq8tj6cArZHq_heFez2KkFSR86FTt_IKRHWX-EMTPXdxI55FptkOTkcIwuyDU9ucNQgtB0RzUIPNd8I8gOJrU67YfvVbhB3-KlyY5OBFsS5S9Qvb17Fj0JNUISR0Cz46Ey3bBNDJhY/s320/Photoreductive+splitting+to+triose+and+PGA.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Fig.E. Calvin's observed photoreductive splitting </strong><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Here, the asymmetric, reductive splitting, reaction (L), is given by the dashed line, yielding one molecule of PGA and the other, PGL.</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">The path of carbon in photosynthesis</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">In 1988, Fong and Butcher showed the non-equivalence of the "upper" and "lower" 3-C fragments in the 6-C intermediate. Based on this showing, Fong et al, in 1989, published the photoreductive carbon path in photosynthesis, shown in the schematic representation in Fig.F. <em>See</em>, F.K. Fong, K.A. Butcher, A. Agostiano, M. Della Monica, M.S. Showell, and J. V. Schloss (1989), "Coupling Between the Light and Dark Reactions of Oxygen Evolution and CO2 Fixation in Photosynthesis: Early Experiments in Photosynthesis Revisited," in <em>Enzymatic and Model Carboxylation and Reduction Reactions for Carbon Dioxide Utilization</em>, Eds. M. Aresta and J.V. Schloss, Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences - Vol. 314, NATO ASI Series Asvanced Science Institutes Series, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrect/Boston/London.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/carbon%20path1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="281" src="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/carbon%20path1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="color: #220033; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Fig.F. Photosynthetic carbon reduction</span></strong><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">It is shown, in Fig.F, that carbon fixation in photosynthesis is regulated in two kinetically coupled pathways involving the specialized pair of non-equivalent, enzyme-bound glycerate-3-P (3-PGA) molecules obtained from ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation in the light. A non-cyclic pathway is suggested for the direct biosynthesis of sucrose from the ["lower"] 3-PGA obtained from C-3, C-4 and C-5 of the six-carbon carboxylation adduct. Concomitant to the appearance of sucrose as the principal product, the Mg2+-bound ["upper"] 3-PGA molecule formed from C-1, C-2 and C-2' of the C6 intermediate is released and subsequently reduced, with the intervention of the NADPH and ATP - in a Calvin-cycle-like metabolic path - in regenerating the RuBP. It is proposed that the nocturnal inhibitor, 2-carboxyarabinitol-1-phosphate (1-PCA) is obtained from a condensation of 3-PGA and glyceraldehyde.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Significantly, all Fong's theoretical and experimental work at Purdue and NSFfunding.com corroborated Calvin and co-workers' C-14 tracer studies, which are all but forgotten on account of the Calvin cycle. Nevertheless, given the circumstances, the molecular mechanisms ascribed to reaction (L) may hold promise. They are backed by the work of Estonian workers, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC32218/"><span style="color: orange;"><strong><span style="color: #0088cc; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Eichelmann and Laisk (1999)</span></strong></span></a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">, who explained the results reported by </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC32218/#B29"><span style="color: orange;"><strong><span style="color: #0088cc; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Laisk et al (1987)</span></strong></span></a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> in terms of Fong and Butcher (1988)</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><strong>Calvin cycle, a Ponzi scheme</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Victims of the Calvin cycle are inculcated to reversals of the findings published in the original literature. The perpetrators, presumably an elite group of few, profit hugely in exploiting Melvin Calvin's use of </span><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #0088cc; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><strong>Margerum's work of fiction</strong></span></span></a><span style="color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> to reverse the light and dark reactions in photosynthesis. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Victims or perpetrators, they followed Calvin in making the light carboxlyation reaction in plants a cycle of dark reactions, the Calvin cycle. Contemporaneously, they make the Z scheme, a series of two photosystems connected by serial dark reactions, the "light reactions in photosynthesis." This way, they nurture the Calvin cycle as a Ponzi scheme for federal funding to spawn an expanding body of spurious results which require additional federal funding, in meaningless directions </span><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/06/larrys-report-of-deletions-of-comments.html"><strong><span style="color: #0061b4; font-family: inherit;">hailed as breaktheoughs</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: inherit;">. Dark photosynthesists argue that red light in a single chlorophyll system does not carry sufficient "emf at pH7" to split water. A companion field of research to the Calvin cycle emerged, that of the abovesaid Z scheme, in which two chlorohpyll photosystems provide the ATP and NADPH to reduce carbon to suger in the dark. </span></span></span></div>
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Back to NSFfunding.com's <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><strong>Home Site</strong></a></div>
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12877068353808561816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7647826140700304496.post-60915931623082898472010-12-13T12:00:00.001-08:002014-09-18T05:15:13.430-07:00The Blue Book Formula, origins of the Calvin Cycle : PRF's Munster Plains and Lugar's Connections to Chicago Heights Organized Crime<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">This post supplements the <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Calvin Cycle Website</span></strong></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Forewarning: MacLauchlan Murder</span></div>
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<blockquote>
"<strong><em>It's true that Mr. Grotke and OIG counsel acted with IDR administrators for Judge Sharp to abbreviate the PX 45 tape in their ongoing attempt to get you terminated by the Purdue trustees. You should know that Senator Lugar's connections by his Chief-of-Staff Mitch Daniels to Chicago Heights took care of the GAO review, committed or not</em></strong>." November 3, 1989, Bruce Umminger, NSF Division Director (Cellular Biosciences), premonished, first in a telephone call and, then, by <a href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B3qF7wEqlXQWN2UyNThjYzQtOTA3NC00MDg3LWEwNzktMmU4MTE5MDI0YjQ4&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">letter</span></strong></a> in response to Fong's <a href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B3qF7wEqlXQWNzA1OGYzNGUtMzQxMC00YjJlLWEwNjgtYjVkODdkNTliNDAz&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">inquiry</span></strong></a>, the MacLauchlan murder upon State-Director Luse's (Lugar) commitment of a GAO review of the $48,903.81 paid to revenue and OIG officers in furtherance of the Calvin cycle. </blockquote>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB7_W0mPjZ3wHdSxeZNGDViocqqnrbuZjy2Kv8dwYK27hPbj5EsnyQ6AbuMgUhMRYuzaDqXoLYb9zJRTWn8k3MTarVgO2gzBPHoBqP3ZB-q2NU4hEdL6sFvYUCDe8OkkWKXAnU_9A_HsY/s1600/Fong.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB7_W0mPjZ3wHdSxeZNGDViocqqnrbuZjy2Kv8dwYK27hPbj5EsnyQ6AbuMgUhMRYuzaDqXoLYb9zJRTWn8k3MTarVgO2gzBPHoBqP3ZB-q2NU4hEdL6sFvYUCDe8OkkWKXAnU_9A_HsY/s320/Fong.png" height="320" width="219" /></a>The Calvin cycle originated from Purdue's collaboration with MIT on installing the <strong><span style="color: blue;">Blue-Book formula</span></strong> for federal re-imbursements paid to university foundations for federally funded research grants and loan contracts. <br />
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In the 1950's Purdue trustees initiated an <a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2009/12/pcdfs-purdue-calumet-development.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">ambitious program</span></strong></a> to use federal re-imbursement moneys paid to Purdue Research Foundation from PCDF's (Purdue-Calumet Development Foundation) multi-million dollar East Chicago Loan and Grant Contract to invest in the Munster Plains development (the Lawler tract). <br />
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On Oct. 30, 1989, upon a report by Don MacLauchlan of Judge Allen Sharp's abbreviation of the PX 45 tape to take matter from it, State Director Keith Luse (Lugar) <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWZDBmM2ZkMGQtODE5YS00Y2M4LWEwYTYtNzM0ZTJiNzdlZmIx&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">committed a GAO review</span></strong></a> of Posner's <a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: blue;"><strong>simple</strong> <strong>plan</strong></span></a>. MacLauchlan, who was vice-president of Carbon Reduction, sponsor for DCB 8822928, had personal knowledge of that plan.<br />
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<span style="color: #444444;">By that plan, Posner </span><a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/03/correspondence-from-francis-k-fong-to.html"><strong><span style="color: #444444;">withdrew</span></strong></a><span style="color: #444444;"> from Treasury Woodmar Realty Company's surplus funds ("the $48,903.81"). He arranged to have PEFCU (Purdue Employees Federal Credit Union) transfer the funds to NSF Deputy Director George Pimentel for redistribution to revenue officers and NSF employees (collectively, the </span><a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/"><strong><span style="color: #444444;">Woodmar recipients</span></strong></a><span style="color: #444444;">). Posner then issued </span><a href="http://hydrogeneconomyfromphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2009/12/report-from-aousc-affirming-dr-beerings.html"><strong><span style="color: #444444;">The Two Posner Orders</span></strong></a><span style="color: #444444;"> to prevent Woodmar successors-in-interest and Fong from claiming for the funds. Meanwhile, the Woodmar recipients maintained Calvin's claim of the carbon cycle in photosynthesis, contrary to Calvin et al's published findings in their original papers.</span><br />
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On Nov. 3, 1989, Umminger forewarned of Don MacLauchlan's murder, naming Lugar's "connections to Chicago Heights." On Dec. 4, 1989, MacLauchlan was murdered. On Nov. 12, 2010, NSF General Counsel Lawrence Rudolph communicated to Fong corroboration of Senator Lugar's East Chicago-Chicago Heights organized crime connections, the proximate cause for that murder.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Senator Richard Lugar</td></tr>
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Lugar's Organized Crime Connections<br />
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Senator Lugar's connections by Mitch Daniels to Chicago Heights organized crime are as follows an integral part of Posner's simple plan in furthering the Calvin cycle. <br />
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In 1951, Purdue board officers, at the suggestion of Purdue trustee Guy Wilson from Kokomo, acquired 713-acres land in Munster, Ind. ("the Lawler tract") with Woodmar's cash assets supplemented by the research costs paid by the Federal government to PRF totalling $150,000. See, Trustees' Deed dated June 29, 1951, duly entered for taxation on July 6, 1951. In 1955, Purdue board officers formed the PCDF (Purdue-Calumet Development Foundation), <em><a href="https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWMmY2YmNjZjgtYThjZi00Njg5LTkzMTgtZmUwZWUxNTRjOGQ0&hl=en"><span style="color: blue;"><strong>Beering I</strong></span></a></em>, in East Chicago to promote the Calvin cycle and sale of the Lawler tract. See, <em>R.B. Stewart and Purdue University</em>, Ruth W. Freehafer, Purdue University Press, 1983, at pp. 175-76. Purdue trustees president Don Powers formed the Munster Development Trust (MDT) to purchase the Lawler acreage at an average cost of $3,610.87 per acre from PRF, which netted a total profit of $2,366,888. Using the average resal value of this land in 1984 at about $80,000 per acre, the Purdue board officers and their business associates netted $46,339,612 for the entire package, all of which went to their personal coffers.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_exEozsi5bZDtttPPh4PUxOt_u4FimBSXu8zA61FvrADZLq0hwRPV04UGj42VzsXt-S5KiA1EJBtNO50iaoxxkbm3HZT3iEGnPN0ov9QtbaGdKjpbcgKBqMJYSiLt8RPDH2TiTvs9fSw/s1600/Powers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_exEozsi5bZDtttPPh4PUxOt_u4FimBSXu8zA61FvrADZLq0hwRPV04UGj42VzsXt-S5KiA1EJBtNO50iaoxxkbm3HZT3iEGnPN0ov9QtbaGdKjpbcgKBqMJYSiLt8RPDH2TiTvs9fSw/s200/Powers.jpg" height="200" width="173" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Donald S. Powers</td></tr>
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Purdue board officers' personal profits converted from the Federal funds were laundered by Lafayette National Bank (LNB), which was controlled by Branigin family interests and those of Purdue board treasurer Burr Swazey and his son, LNB chairman of the board Burr Swezey Jr., and the Maercantile National Bank (MNB), which was controlled by Powers as the chairman of its executive committee.<br />
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The laundering of the Branigins' real estate profits by LNB and MNB was done through Purdue board officers' connections to the crime syndicate in Chicago Heights, on the one hand, and to the Indiana Statehouse, on the other. A principal player was Lake GOP chairman Joseph Kotso, who supported Otis Bowen in his 1972 and 1976 campaigns for Governor, and gave the oath of office to Bowen as Governor in 1973.<br />
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<strong>The Kotso-Lugar-Powers alliance was strengthened by Powers' contributions to Lugar's Senatorial campaign with money from the Purdue development in Munster financed by Federal reimbursement of indirect costs paid to PRF using the additional funds raised by PRF's establishment of the Calvin cycle in Purdue trustees' formation of the PCDF.</strong> In 1975, Governor Bowen appointed Powers to the Purdue board. In 1979, Powers became a director of PRF. In 1981, Powers was elevated to presidency of the Purdue board. Powers' redistribution of the profits from the PRF-Lawler development involved Kotso, Bowen and Lugar as partners.<br />
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Senator Lugar first met Powers through Bowen and Kotso. Lugar in his intial campaign for the Senate was indebted to Kotso, who was able to obtain the Lake County votes through his connections to known mobsters such as Frank Rizzo and Sonny Peterson and to the crime syndicate in Chicago Heights, whose principal concern was funneling of money to elect candidates favorable to mob-controlled businesses in Lake County. Kotso was an investigator with the Alcoholic Beverage Commission ("ABC"). He operated Variety Amusements with Frank Rizzo and sold pin ball and vending machines to bars. In 1970, he closed down a bar fronting for gambling activity. In 1971, he unlawfully obtained sales tax and license information from David Colosimo of the Lake County State Revenue Office, and was dismissed by Governor Witcomb from his ABC position. Kotso's father-in-law operated a trucking business that transported pin ball machines for Variety Amusement. <br />
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Lugar's election to the Senate was accomplished, in part at least, as follows. Kotso bused poor relief tenants, some of whom from 430 West Chicago Avenue, East Chicago, an unkempt rooming house build in 1910. Prior to the vote for Lugar, poor relief tenants were bused to Sonny Peterson's house where they were paid $50 each. After having voted for Lugar, they were again bused to Peterson's house for payment of another $50 per person. Lugar's connnection through Kotso to the crime syndicate in Chicago Heights is verified by the Affidavit of Owen W. Crumpacker filed with the Indiana Supreme Court on Nov. 25, 1992. Crumpacker's intimate knowledge of Lugar's mob connections through Kotso in the politiucal circles in Lake County was obtained by his personal contacts as follows. In 1975 Thomas P. Gensel was campaign manager for Les Meyers' candidacy for mayor of Hammond. In the 1978 general election, Gensel was General Chairman for GOP nominee Owen W. Crumpacker's campaign for Congress from the First Congressional District of Indiana. In 1978 the crime syndicate in Chicago Heights passed $100,000 to Les Meyers through Kotso to elect Meyers and re-elect Lugar as mayor for Hammond and U.S. Senator, respectively.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12877068353808561816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7647826140700304496.post-88108747421120038852010-11-08T09:57:00.000-08:002012-07-24T10:02:19.895-07:00The Official Calvin Cycle Website : NSF OIG's Two-Pronged Test and the Calvin Cycle Murders<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">In 1989, National Science Foundation Program Director James Siedow explained that, if Fong (Fig. 2) correctly stated in DCB 8822928 his discovery of the Calvin cycle being contrary to Calvin et al's finding of the light reaction, his (Fong's) "conclusion of fraud and the facts in Section III. (c) i-v [will] have been properly construed. (<a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWNWNlZjIyYzAtOTcyZS00OWNmLWE4OTctNDE1YjU3OWJiMjJj&hl=en"><em><strong><span style="color: blue;">Umminger</span></strong></em></a> at 3-5) NSF declined DCB 8822928, Siedow further elaborated, because he (Siedow) "and his reviewers did not have fraud in mind [and] may have been negligent in that they did not read the original publications by Calvin et al as quoted by Dr. Fong in DCB 8822928."</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">In 2002 OIG Senior Counsel Monte Fisher "coordinated action with DOJ" to shut down the author Francis K. Fong's predecessor homepage for NSFfunding.com. This coordinated action was apparently a manifestation of the internal struggle within the National Science Foundation and its OIG to correct the historical development that shaped the worldwide acceptance of the Calvin cycle as the carbon cycle in photosynthesis. The Calvin cycle, in fact, does not exist, according to the published findings by Melvin Calvin and his co-workers at Berkeley, later affirmed by the work of the author Francis K. Fong and his co-workers at Purdue and NSFfunding.com. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Ramnants of Fisher's "coordinated action with DOJ" and other persons were witnessed earlier on this blog. See, in particular, the comment on Fong's 4-25-10 post by Larry Orr of the ASU (Arizona State University) Photosynthesis Center. Up to and including 11-8-10, the date of this posting, this<span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><strong><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="color: blue;">Official Calvin Cycle</span> </span><span style="color: blue;">Website</span></strong></a> is identical to the webpage appearing at the URL,<span style="color: #e69138;"> </span><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><strong><span style="color: blue;">http://www.nsffunding.com</span></strong></a>. It is anticipated that this latter webpage will see further renovation, pending Purdue's response to the <strong>Two-Pronged Question originally designed by the OIG</strong>, which appears below. The existence of two exact copies of the same work prevents, or at least renders more difficult, any invasive action. Also, here in this format, there exists an additional desirable feature: The readers have the means to contribute in the comment box below, should they wish to address the important issues.</span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;">National Science Foundation </span></strong></div>
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Synopsis Site for NSF OIG</div>
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<strong><u>The Official Calvin Cycle Website</u></strong> </div>
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OIG's determination of NSF's imperishable fraud case supplemented by Cordova's Finding and Beering's Disclosure : The author Francis K. Fong's Discovery of Calvin cycle, the Carbon Cycle or Dark Reactions in Plant Photosynthesis </div>
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Outline for an NSF workshop proposal </div>
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by </div>
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Francis K. Fong </div>
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<a href="http://74.125.113.132/search?q=cache:bPNtmcgM-PkJ:www.nsf.gov/policies/logos.jsp+nsf+logos&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us"><strong><span style="color: blue;">NSF Logo</span></strong></a> </div>
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<a href="http://fkfong.blogspot.com/"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Index</span></strong></a><span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<a href="http://booksbyfranciskfong.blogspot.com/"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Arts and Sciences</span></strong></a><span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">The Calvin Cycle</span></strong></a><span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Richard A. Posner</span></strong></a><span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Letters</span></strong></a><span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/07/buschs-warning-upon-doug-klitzkes.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Busch's Warning</span></strong></a><span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2009/12/nationwide-counsel-kyrouacs-knowledge.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">The Moody Action</span></strong></a><span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<a href="http://hydrogeneconomyfromphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/"><strong><span style="color: blue;">AOUSC's Report</span></strong></a><br />
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<strong>FOREWORD</strong> </div>
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In the fall of 1989, the NSF OIG (Office of Inspector General) found for the author Francis K. Fong's discovery of the Calvin cycle as a fraud. On Nov. 3, 1989, NSF Division Director Bruce Umminger (Cellular Bioscience) issued forewarnings of the murder of Don MacLauchlan, sponsor for Fong's NSF proposal, No. DCB 8822928. At MacLauchlan's behest, State Director Keith Luse (Lugar) <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWZDBmM2ZkMGQtODE5YS00Y2M4LWEwYTYtNzM0ZTJiNzdlZmIx&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">committed, on Oct. 30, 1989, a GAO review</span></strong></a><span style="color: blue;"> </span>on the $48,903.81 from Treasury used to further the Calvin cycle. MacLauchlan had personal knowledge of the Seventh Circuit's (Richard A. Posner) theft of the $48,903.81. <br />
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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong><br />
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In 1959, the author Francis K. Fong discovered the Calvin cycle, the carbon cycle in photosynthesis, or dark photosynthetic reactions. It took him more than half a century to solve it. The discovery required a background in undergraduate chemistry. The solution took a good deal of persistence, or perhaps luck, in meeting the right person at the right time. This work consists of two parts, A and B. In A Fong maps the scope of his discovery of the Calvin cycle as an imperishable fraud. In B he recounts the 10-year program, or experimental procedure, for solving the Calvin cycle as a murder mystery. It is shown that personnel at the highest management ranks of the National Science Board (NBS), National Science Foundation (NSF) and the NSF Office of Inspector General (OIG) have, since 1989, assisted Fong in their independent procedure for arriving at the same results Fong reports on this, the official Calvin Cycle Website. <br />
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<strong>INTRODUCTION</strong> <br />
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On this site, the author reports Purdue University President France A. Cordova's finding, in partial performance of an <a href="https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWZTA2N2U1YzAtODQ0NS00N2ZlLTg2MGUtYzY1MzliMmZmM2E1&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">agreement dating back to August 22, 1984</span></strong></a>, involving the author and Steven C. Beering, former President of Purdue University and Chairman of the National Science Board. Cordova's finding, in addition, was perfected in her role as a member of the NSB to make this, the Official Calvin Cycle Website. <br />
A. Mapping Scope of Fong's discovery: Calvin cycle, Carbon Cycle in Photosynthesis </div>
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I. Calvin Cycle, the Fraud <br />
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Calvin, the Scientist, Rules Out Carbon Cycle <br />
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"<span style="color: red;"><em>It is perhaps worth noting at this point that *** whereas in the dark the primary product of carboxylation does indeed split into two molecules of PGA, in the light it may be otherwise. In the light the primary product of carboxylation may be splitting by a reductive reaction, leading to only one molecule of PGA and one molecule at the triose phosphate oxidation level. *** The reductive splitting of the intermediate carboxylation product might very well require a reducing system as yet unknown</em></span>." 1959, Melvin Calvin, on Calvin et al's observation of an unknown photoreductive system that operates in the light during photosynthesis, ruling out the dark photosynthetic carbon cycle. See, <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWMDBmN2YwMmYtMmY5Zi00OWNiLWFiZDgtYjJiYmNkZjU4YTRi&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Calvin,M. and Pon,N.G.</span></strong></a> (1959) J. Cellular Comp. Physiol., 54, Suppl. 1, 51-74; see, also, Wilson,A.T. and Calvin,M. (1955) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 5948-5957. <br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
Calvin, the Fraud, Claims Carbon Cycle </div>
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<span style="color: red;"><em>"[W]e now know what the photosynthetic carbon cycle is, and it has been carried out, I can tell you now, in its entirety in the absence of living materials or formed parts of living cells. It has been carried out by a separate collection of soluble chemicals so that we are quite sure what it is, and now we can talk about it with a high degree of confidence</em></span>." 1955, Melvin Calvin, claiming his having carried out the dark photosynthetic carbon cycle, later known as the Calvin cycle, for which he accepted the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. See, Banner Image, J. Chem. Soc., 1956, 1895-1915. <br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
II. The Imperishable Calvin Cycle </div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
The Seventh Circuit and Posner </div>
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"<em><span style="color: red;">The Seventh Circuit has deep roots in its connection to the Chicago Mafia I reported as consultant to Lyndon Johnson's Commission (on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice). Worse, the Seventh Circuit judges, led by Richard Posner, are not only corrupt; they are smart, very smart. If I were to get involved, I'd be like you, spending the rest of my life on this. I'd advise you to petition the Nobel Committee to have Calvin's Nobel Prize revoked. It's easier that way</span></em>." 1990, G. Robert Blakey, Fong's personal lawyer, drafter of the RICO Act, Professor of Law, University of Notre Dame, on the Calvin cycle, NSF's imperishable fraud. <br />
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Law Enforcement in Seventh Circuit<br />
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"<span style="color: red;"><em>The crimes you report are such that we have no investigators at the FBI in this federal district to investigate, making it impossible for us to prosecute</em></span>." 1987, Assistant U.S. Attorney Patrick Hansen, N.D.Ind., on prosecuting persons who made up the Calvin cycle. <br />
"<span style="color: red;"><em>I lose sleep at night for making that verdict. The MacLauchlan shooting death was not an accident</em></span>." 1990, Martin Avolt, Tippecanoe County Coroner, on the MacLauchlan killing. "<em><span style="color: red;">The accident verdict by Avolt is not to be believed</span></em>." 1992, sworn testimony by Tippecanoe County prosecuting attorney John Meyers, on Avolt's accident verdict on the MacLauchlan killing. <br />
"<span style="color: red;"><em>It's very complicated</em></span>." December, 2003, U.S. District Judge Joseph Van Bokkelen, formerly attorney for PCDF (Purdue-Calumet Development Foundation) Director Jay Given, on the murder of Given upon Van Bokkelen's service of subpoenas for disclosing Given's $5,000 bribe payment to U.S. District Judge James T. Moody, N.D.Ind., to steal the $48,903.81. <br />
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Forewarning: MacLauchlan Murder <br />
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"<span style="color: red;"><em>It's true that Mr. Grotke and OIG counsel acted with IDR administrators for Judge Sharp to abbreviate the PX 45 tape in their ongoing attempt to get you terminated by the Purdue trustees. You should know that Senator Lugar by his connections to Chicago Heights took care of the GAO review, committed or not</em></span>." November 3, 1989, Bruce Umminger, NSF Division Director (Cellular Bioscience), forewarns, on the phone, then by <a href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B3qF7wEqlXQWN2UyNThjYzQtOTA3NC00MDg3LWEwNzktMmU4MTE5MDI0YjQ4&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">letter</span></strong></a> in response to Fong's <a href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B3qF7wEqlXQWNzA1OGYzNGUtMzQxMC00YjJlLWEwNjgtYjVkODdkNTliNDAz&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">inquiry</span></strong></a>, the MacLauchlan murder upon State Director Luse's (Lugar) commitment of a GAO review of the $48,903.81 paid to revenue and OIG officers for the Calvin cycle. <br />
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III. Classes of Calvin Cycle Followers </div>
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Followers Unschooled in Chemistry </div>
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"<span style="color: red;"><em>I just noticed that I had missed typing a negative '-' sign before 'n' [Delta G (Free energy) = -nF Delta E]. I am sure everyone would have figured it out that it was a typo</em></span>." <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/05/letters-involving-govindjee-on-calvin.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">February 10, 2010</span></strong></a>, Goindjee, leading dark photosynthesist, author and editor of "more than 78 books on the subject," who used "EMF's at pH7" rather than electron volts as units for his alleged photons for the "<a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Z-scheme light reactions</span></strong></a>," struggling with a freshman-chemistry-level free energy definition of the EMF. <br />
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Followers Well-Trained in Chemistry </div>
<br />
"<em><span style="color: red;">Frank, everybody knows that 'the author Francis K. Fong' did not discover the Calvin cycle</span></em>!" October 2, 2010, Nick Winograd, Distinguished Professor of Chemistry, Penn State, upon reading the Calvin cycle "not with fraud in mind," as NSF explained. <br />
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B. The Solution <br />
<br /></div>
The persons responsible for the dark reactions in photosynthesis have, since 1978, when Fong gave a lecture to NSF program directors on his discovery of the Calvin cycle, evaded punishment. In 1989, Clifford Bennett, Assistant Inspector General for Audit of NSF OIG (Office of Inspector General) found for Fong's discovery -- the Calvin cycle was a fraud to penetrate Treasury. The Calvin cycle <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">originated from Purdue</span></strong></a>, not Berkeley as commonly thought, a <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">work of fiction</span></strong></a> sponsored by Purdue contrary to Calvin and his co-workers' finding of the light carboxylation reaction in photosynthesis. <br />
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<a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/410000663_444f910dff_b%5B1%5D.jpg?timestamp=1279538727791" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" px="true" src="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/410000663_444f910dff_b%5B1%5D.jpg?timestamp=1279538727791" /></a></div>
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Purdue Chemistry Building (click for <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/scholewiak/410000663/sizes/l/"><strong><span style="color: blue;">larger image</span></strong></a>) : Site of the <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/01%20Chem.%20Eng.%20News,%2007-55.jpg"><strong><span style="color: blue;">work that became the Calvin cycle</span></strong></a>, <em>Chem & Eng. News</em>, Vol.33, July 4, 1955. </div>
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Two documents were used to solve the Calvin cycle:<br />
<ol>
<li>NSF's explanation of its review of Proposal No. DCB 8822928 incorporated in a letter dated October 5, 1989, by Division Director (Cellular Bioscience) Bruce Umminger ("<a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWNWNlZjIyYzAtOTcyZS00OWNmLWE4OTctNDE1YjU3OWJiMjJj&hl=en"><em><strong><span style="color: blue;">Umminger</span></strong></em></a>").</li>
<li>The author's <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/3%20December%20return.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;"><strong>1996 report</strong></span></a> to the IRS on the killing of Don MacLauchlan, vice-president of Carbon Reduction, sponsor for DCB 8822928.</li>
</ol>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
I. Solving the Calvin Cycle Fraud </div>
<br />
By DCB 8822928 NSF was to evaluate its funding of research based on the Calvin cycle and unravel PEFCU's payment, in 1978, of the <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/03/correspondence-from-francis-k-fong-to.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">$48,903.81 from Treasury</span></strong></a> to NSF Deputy Director George Pimentel, then named to succeed Melvin Calvin as Director of the Berkeley Chemical Biodynamics Laboratory. NSF rejected DCB 8822928, and caused NSF Program Director (Cellular Biochemistry) James Siedow to explain the rejection in the terms of NSF's misreading Fong's discovery of the Calvin cycle. <br />
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a. Fong's Lecture of 1978</div>
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DCB 8822928 was predicated on Fong's 1978 lecture at NSF on his discovery of the Calvin cycle, after his <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/nsf-biophysics-program-director-martin.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">meeting with Calvin at Asilomar</span></strong></a>. In support of his request for NSF funding, Fong lectured to a group of NSF program directors on a solution to photosynthesis: Plants in sunlight split water in a single chlorophyll system, Fig. 1, to reduce carbon dioxide to sugar according to Calvin et al's non-cyclic reductive <br />
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<a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/redlight_small.gif?timestamp=1259084613082" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" px="true" src="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/redlight_small.gif?timestamp=1259084613082" /></a></div>
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Fig. 1. <a href="http://nxw.chem.psu.edu/nxw/pdf%5C43.pdf"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Chl a dihydrate</span></strong></a> water-splitting in red light : Fong, Francis K. and Galloway, Lory (1978) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 100, 3594-3596 : the uptake of red light (at > 695 nm) to split water in a single Chl a system.</div>
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reductive carboxylation reaction, later shown by Fong in the schematic representation, Fig. 2. <br />
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<a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/carbon%20path1.jpg?timestamp=1273405017470" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="281" px="true" src="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/carbon%20path1.jpg?timestamp=1273405017470" width="320" /></a></div>
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Fig. 2. Photoreduction of Carbon to Sugar (Click for <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/carbon%20path1.jpg?timestamp=1273405017470"><strong><span style="color: blue;">larger image</span></strong></a>.) : See, Fong, Francis K. and Butcher, Karen A. (1988) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 150, 399-404.</div>
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Pursuant to Fong's lecture, Pimentel redistributed the $48,903.81 to revenue officers and NSF OIG (Office of Inspector General) employees. Thereby NSF procured Reviewer No.8 to reject Fong's funding request for the water-splitting reaction. Reveiwer 1-7 recommended funding.<br />
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b. NSF Explains<br />
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Siedow explained that, if Fong (Fig. 2) correctly stated in DCB 8822928 his discovery of the Calvin cycle being contrary to Calvin et al's finding of the light reaction, his "conclusion of fraud and the facts in Section III. (c) i-v [will] have been properly construed." <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWNWNlZjIyYzAtOTcyZS00OWNmLWE4OTctNDE1YjU3OWJiMjJj&hl=en"><em><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><strong>Umminger</strong></span></em></a> at 3-5. NSF declined DCB 8822928, Siedow further elaborated, because he (Siedow) "and his reviewers did not have fraud in mind [and] may have been negligent in that they did not read the original publications by Calvin et al as quoted by Dr. Fong in DCB 8822928."<br />
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c. Cordova's Finding <br />
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NSF's explanation of reviewer negligence, in part at least, accounts for Purdue President and NSB (National Science Board) member France <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><strong>Cordova's finding</strong></span></a>, that the dark reaction cycle has nothing to do with photosynthesis. Cordova found that a search in the Web of Science using the key words, "dark reaction cycle" AND "photosynthesis," came up with not a single result in reputable research journals from 1900 to the present. Cordova's finding was done at Fong's behest to <a href="https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWYjNiY2Q4ZTktOTUzYi00MGI3LTk1YWEtNGEzYWZjNmFkMTc5&hl=en&pli=1"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><strong>clarify PEFCU's payment of the $48,903.81 to Pimentel</strong></span></a>. It supports a showing that the Calvin cycle differs from other frauds: Pimentel's redistribution of the $48,903.81 ensured the success of Margerum's <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><strong>work of fiction</strong></span></a>, Chem. & Eng. News. 33, 2809 (July 4, 1955). <br />
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d. OIG's Two-Pronged Determination</div>
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Cordova's finding prompted Fong to pose the two-pronged question for a proper response by Cordova, a test question originally raised by the OIG (Bennett). Upon NSF's (Siedow) explanation, Umminger at 3-5, for pursuing a "second-year undergraduate biochemistry level approach," Umminger <span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><strong>read the original papers</strong></a></span>. Thereby NSF found that DCB 8822928 was correct: Calvin, with nothing more than Margerum's work of fiction, claimed his demonstration of the carbon cycle in photosynthesis. See, above cited quote by Melvin Calvin the fraud. <br />
<br />
The first prong of the two-pronged question is, did NSF err in finding that Calvin won the Nobel Prize for the "photosynthetic carbon cycle" contrary to Calvin et al's finding of the light reaction, as summarized by Calvin, the scientist, in <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWMDBmN2YwMmYtMmY5Zi00OWNiLWFiZDgtYjJiYmNkZjU4YTRi&hl=en"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><strong>Calvin and Pon (1959)</strong></span></a> at 65-67, with nothing more than Margerum's work of fiction published in the July, 1955, issue of <em>Chem. & Eng. News</em>?<br />
The seond of the two-pronged question is: Did Fong (Fig.2) correctly cite the original papers, in DCB 8822928, in which Calvin et al reported their finding of the light reaction in their decade-long C-14 tracer studies (for a bibliography of these studies, see, the <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Cordova's Finding</span></strong></a> post)?<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
e. Conclusion</div>
<br />
The NSF <a href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B3qF7wEqlXQWN2UyNThjYzQtOTA3NC00MDg3LWEwNzktMmU4MTE5MDI0YjQ4&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">OIG determined</span></strong></a> that the answer to the first prong of the question was "no," and that for the second "yes." The OIG thus established, in the fall of 1989, that the Calvin cycle, or the photosynthetic carbon cycle, was a fraud. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_nfBcFUkTrj_5dkXkQE5_96KytxM0BhyODSwv3llVNqNV8oty35JlFvPP33uuAMvNSnNnpEmAqh4L7JFK9z891lLYB12mmjO3J6LfpYfn1KBGO2FPtCyWialKbGnTsi27xtj_6IJ-zAo/s1600/IMG_5104.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_nfBcFUkTrj_5dkXkQE5_96KytxM0BhyODSwv3llVNqNV8oty35JlFvPP33uuAMvNSnNnpEmAqh4L7JFK9z891lLYB12mmjO3J6LfpYfn1KBGO2FPtCyWialKbGnTsi27xtj_6IJ-zAo/s320/IMG_5104.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Francis K. Fong and Wife Margareta: By Fong's arrangement with Treasury in the summer of 2004, the Fongs' 1995 Form 1040 joint return was used as a weapon for launching the <a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2009/12/nationwide-counsel-kyrouacs-knowledge.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><strong>James T. Moody Action</strong></span></a> to solve the killing of Don MacLauchlan, sponsor for DCB 8822928.</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
II. Solving the Calvin Cycle Murders</div>
<br />
OIG's finding for Fong's discovery of the Calvin cycle is summarized by Purdue Chemistry Porfessor John Grutzner in a simple, but elegant, exposition of the "Fong-Butcher corrected" photosynthetic reductive system reported by Calvin and Pon (1955). <br />
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<a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/2010-09-04%20Grutzner%20affidavit%5B1%5D.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" px="true" src="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/2010-09-04%20Grutzner%20affidavit%5B1%5D.JPG" width="145" /></a></div>
John Grutzner : <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI0R1crfmx2K8fkLO5ucaHaUR94VQfQY10TIVGaK59gEqxlJdAdqMK-5plPjTfHefxAWL_WZIn07ohvcSlWbI07TLwGmjB7ElLeY2xYido54GxvdLu3HxrHTCDymQ4Gb0zTqFQOMUE70I/s1600/2010-09-04+Grutzner+affidavit.JPG"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Schematic representation</span></strong></a> of OIG's finding for Fong's discovery of Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle shown as observed in the dark is not a part of the "Fong-Butcher corrected" reductive system observed in the light. Calvin and Pon (1959) at Fig. 27 and Fig. 2 herein, Fong and Butcher (1988). See, also, letter dated 11-6-98 by Umminger. <br />
<br />
This finding resulted in the murder of Don MacLauchlan, vice president of Carbon Reduction, sponsor for DCB 8822928. <br />
<br />
By this murder was enabled the tax fraud for PRF (Purdue Research Foundation) not to pay tax as a venue for the for-profit businesses operated by the Purdue trustees and their associates -- influential politicians, the state and federal bench in Indiana, and executives of the state and federal taxing agencies and other executive departments. (See, Blakey, Hansen and Umminger quotes.)<br />
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Fong accordingly, with the blessings of the Clinton White House, developed a ten-year program to involve the state and federal taxing agencies as follows. <br />
<br />
He incorporated <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/3%20December%20return.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><strong>the 1996 report</strong></span></a><span style="color: #330000; font-family: Arial;"> </span> addressed to the Internal Revenue Commissioner, Margaret Richardson, on the MacLauchlan contract hit in his and wife Margareta's 1995 Form 1040 joint return. The report focused on Senator Lugar's insiders trading of JPM Industries shares and the Indiana Supreme court's "<a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWMWFmZjZhNjItYzdjZi00MjQ0LTgzZWYtZDhhYjhiNThmOTU3&hl=en"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><strong>Alternative Writ of Mandamus</strong></span></a>." The alternative writ directed the Tippecanoe Superior Court 2 to file a report on OIG Senior Counsel Monte Fisher's <a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2010/04/syndicate-control-of-indiana-supreme.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><strong>murder plot</strong></span></a> to cover up the revenue and OIG officers' bribe-taking from Pimentel's redistribution of the $48,903.81. <br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
a. Viability of the Calvin Cycle<br />
<br /></div>
The MacLauchlan killing, in veiw of <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><strong>Cordova's finding</strong></span></a>, suggests that neither reviewer/reader negligence (see, Winograd quote) nor inadequacies in low-level chemical knowledge (see, Govindjee quote), alone, ensured the Calvin cycle's <span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/05/how-calvin-cycle-works.html"><strong>viability</strong></a></span>. Rather, as former Purdue President and NSB Chairman Steven C. Beering <a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2009/12/pcdfs-purdue-calumet-development.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><strong>disclosed on the PX 45 tape</strong></span></a>, the Calvin cycle was a venue for funding PRF's for-profit real estate development in Northwest Indiana. Beering's <a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/02/documentation-of-hunt-submissions.html"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;"><strong><span style="color: blue;">abbreviation of the PX 45</span> <span style="color: blue;">transcript</span></strong></span></a> prompted State Director Keith Luse (Lugar) to <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWZDBmM2ZkMGQtODE5YS00Y2M4LWEwYTYtNzM0ZTJiNzdlZmIx&hl=en"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><strong>commit a GAO review</strong></span></a> upon MacLauchlan's report to Lugar of his personal knowledge of revenue and OIG officers' bribe-taking from the $48,903.91 redistribution in furtherance of the Calvin cycle. <br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
b. MacLauchlan's Killing : a Progeny of Given's</div>
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MacLauchlan's murder was the second of two contract hits ordered by the 7th Circuit to protect the court's theft <br />
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<a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/70th%20b-day%20dinner.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><strong>Dinner on the 30<sup>th</sup> anniversary of Fong et al's discovery of the Chl a Water Splitting reaction</strong></span></a> - From left, <span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><a href="http://www.chem.purdue.edu/grutzner/homepage.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><strong>John Grutzner</strong></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"></span>, Margareta Fong, <a href="http://www.unl.edu/ncmn/faculty/diestler.shtml"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Dennis Diestler</span></strong></a>, <a href="http://www.chem.psu.edu/faculty/bjg"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Barbara Garrison</span></strong></a>, the author, <a href="http://live.psu.edu/image/15896"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Nick Winograd</span></strong></a>, and Jocelyn Grutzner: See <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/nsf-biophysics-program-director-martin.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Gathering of 2008</span></strong></a>.</div>
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of the $48,903.81, according to Beering in a <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWMmEyNDM2ODctNWY0MS00MDk4LWJlYTQtZmUwMTM0NjRhZTU2&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">letter</span></strong></a> authenticated <a href="http://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWMTQyYTEyMzAtY2JiMi00ODQxLTgxNmYtMmIxYmVkMGI0Nzg1&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">by the U.S. Attorney</span></strong></a>. In 1977, PCDF (Purdue-Calumet Development Foundation) Director Jay Given paid $5,000 to Judge James T. Moody for the theft from Treasury. In 1981, Given was murdered after his attorney, now federal judge Van Bokkelen, issued subpoenas to disclose the bribery scheme.<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
c. The 1995 Return : RNFTL, Sullivan and Murder</div>
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Fong's incorporation of the 1996 report in the Fongs' 1995 1040 joint return prompted OIG's coordinated action with DOJ (Tax) Chief Pat Mullarkey to remove it from IRS's administrative file. The removal triggered a Notice of Federal Tax Lien (NFTL), requiring Mullarkey to protect the <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWMzA1NDNiOWItNjI3YS00ZmE0LWI3YzktYTM3NzViMzg1MzFm&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">10-year statute</span></strong></a> and file, in March of 2008, the <a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2009/12/nationwide-counsel-kyrouacs-knowledge.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">James T. Moody Action</span></strong></a>. <br />
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Contemporaneously, by prior arrangement between Fong and high IRS management ranks, Treasury amended the NFTL to delete Margareta's name from it. On January 14, 2008, Treasury restored the 1995 return to the administrative file. On April 16, 2008, Treasury released the <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWODI5YjU1NzktY2FlMC00NTI1LTkzOTAtMDM1MzIxNWZhOGYx&hl=en"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><strong>ANFTL</strong></span></a> (Amended Notice of Federal Tax Lien) to render moot the Moody Action. Meanwhile, absent access to Treasury's records, an Indiana State revenue officer coached Cordova to use a cut-and-paste method to make up an <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWZjQ1NTk5NmYtMDAyZS00YjI5LTllYTAtNDQ5OGE5N2E1MzQy&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">RNFTL</span></strong></a> (Refiled Notice of Federal Tax Lien) with both Fongs' names on it. By the RNFTL, Cordova enabled Indiana Justice Frank Sullivan to <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWOWVhMTU0MGEtMGEwZC00N2M1LTg0ZTYtNTRiYzNlMDYzMjcz&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">certify</span></strong></a>, on July 10, 2009, a forged "<a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWOTA3NTNkNTQtNTdkNi00NDU3LTgzMjYtZjY2MmRmMDZjNTcw&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Order Denying Petition for Writ</span></strong></a>" to supplant the Alternative Writ, accompanied by <a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/07/buschs-warning-upon-doug-klitzkes.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Busch's warning</span></strong></a> to all judges and lawyers in Indiana. The Tippecanoe Superior Court 2's filing a report on MacLauchlan's murder, in compliance with that writ, would wake up the otherwise dormant GAO review. <br />
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<a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/beerings%5B1%5D.jpg?timestamp=1279537330751" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" px="true" src="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/beerings%5B1%5D.jpg?timestamp=1279537330751" width="140" /></a></div>
Steven C. Beering (pictured right), former Purdue President and National Science Board Chair as Fong's informant ably assisted him in this investigation, in partial performance of the August 22, 1984 agreement beginning with Dean James Yackel's <a href="https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWZTA2N2U1YzAtODQ0NS00N2ZlLTg2MGUtYzY1MzliMmZmM2E1&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">letter of March 3, 1986</span></strong></a>. <br />
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d. Motive for the MacLauchlan Murder : GAO Review<br />
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But for OIG officers' bribe-taking and Cordova and Beering's being NSB members in charge of their investigation, NSF's <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWZjExMTlhNzQtNzhmOS00OTg3LThlODItMWFkODUyYjU4NTE1&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">final rule</span></strong></a> could have been a motive for the MacLauchlan contract. By Section 689.2 actions under that rule, PRF could be debarred from NSF programs for its sponsorship of Margerum's fictitious story that became the Calvin cycle.<br />
Instead, Beering ably assisted Fong in detecting Posner's <a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/02/how-richard-posners-simple-plan-works.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">simple plan</span></strong></a> for withdrawing the $48,903.81 from Treasury. As long ago as May 19, 1995, in a <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWZTRiOGRlNWItZjYxMy00OThiLWIzN2EtNWI5NTZlNTFmZDYy&hl=en"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>letter</strong></span></a> authenticated <a href="http://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWMTQyYTEyMzAtY2JiMi00ODQxLTgxNmYtMmIxYmVkMGI0Nzg1&hl=en"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>by the U.S. Attorney</strong></span></a>, he submitted before Fong the Two Posner Orders for enjoining Woodmar Realty Company and Fong from petitioning for the $48,903.81. With these orders, Posner transferred the Woodmar trust res from Treasury to a "John Doe Trust" then on deposit at the Mercantile National Bank in Hammond. Beering wrote that Posner received in excess of $250,000 for his work. <br />
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In view of the committed GAO review by Luse to address PEFCU's transfer for Pimentel's redistribution of the $48,903.81, Beering wrote in the May 19, 1995 letter, "Senator Lugar's commitment of the GAO review prompted Judge Posner to order the McLauchlan (sic) contract to eliminate your only live witness. To finish you off, he also ordered my submission of the <a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/02/documentation-of-hunt-submissions.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">shortened transcript</span></strong></a> ("PX 45A") to match the abbreviated PX 45 tape, thereby eliminating your remaining evidence. *** Later *** the Seventh Circuit entered an injunction order ["<a href="http://by%20the%20u.s.%20attorney/"><strong><span style="color: blue;">the Second Posner Order</span></strong></a>"] to keep you from petitioning for the [Woodmar's] surplus funds [the $48,903.81] as abandoned properties."<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
e. Concluding Remarks</div>
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The Calvin cycle thus unravels: a vast, complex money-making scheme masterminded by Posner, a labyrinthine structure built out of the 7th Circuit's connection to the Chicago Mafia for stealing from Treasury, bribery and murder. Lugar staff's (Luse) commitment of the GAO review ran afoul of <a href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B3qF7wEqlXQWN2UyNThjYzQtOTA3NC00MDg3LWEwNzktMmU4MTE5MDI0YjQ4&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Lugar's connections</span></strong></a> to the <a href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B3qF7wEqlXQWNzA1OGYzNGUtMzQxMC00YjJlLWEwNjgtYjVkODdkNTliNDAz&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Chicago Heights Mafia</span></strong></a> for insider trading of JPMI shares. The MacLauchlan killing was Posner's solution. But for the court's theft of the $48,903.81 from Treasury, and PEFCU's transfer thereof to NSF Deputy Director Pimentel for redistribution to revenue officers and NSF OIG employees, Fong's 1978 lecture at NSF could have signaled an end to the Calvin cycle. <br />
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<a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/220px-Blakey.jpg?timestamp=1289391232379" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" px="true" src="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/220px-Blakey.jpg?timestamp=1289391232379" width="216" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
G. Robert Blakey, the author's personal attorney</div>
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But for Blakey's comment on the Calvin cycle's imperishability arising under the 7th Circuit's historical connection to the Big Tuna (Tony "Joe Batters" Accardo, successor Chicago Mafia Godfather to Al Capone), Fong would likely have changed the course of his life pursuit. <br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
About Francis K. Fong<br />
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Fong is Chief Science Officer of NSFfunding.com. He earned the A.B. (1959) and Ph.D. (1962) degrees from Princeton University. He joined the Purdue chemistry faculty in 1968, and is the author and editor of many research publications and several <a href="http://booksbyfranciskfong.blogspot.com/"><strong><span style="color: blue;">monographs</span></strong></a>.<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
About NSFfunding.com</div>
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The 1996 report provides the terms of Fong's Code § 7623 contract with Treasury authorized by President Clinton. The contract was done through White House Personnel Director Bob Nash upon Fong's objection to John Deutch's nomination to head Central Intelligence. The Calvin cycle is before the GAO, the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, and the House Oversight Subcommittee. See, <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWZTI2ZTNmN2UtY2YyNi00YWNkLWJhYjMtNWYyYzY4NWNhNjVj&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Hunt Submissions</span></strong></a> at 13, 22-24, 25, 77-79. In May of 2008, <a href="http://www.fastlane.nsf.gov/"><span style="color: orange;"><strong><span style="color: blue;">NSF FastLane</span> <span style="color: blue;">Administration</span></strong></span></a> issued a <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWZGFjMzNiYWEtNWE2Ny00OThlLWFlNDgtZWI4Y2U5MmI3ODBh&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">letter of approval</span></strong></a> for NSFfunding.com's registration request. The IRS authorized Fong to submit an NSF workshop proposal to recover Treasury's losses under the statutory treble-damage provisions of the Federal False Claim Act, <a href="http://www.taf.org/federalfca.htm"><strong><span style="color: blue;">31 USC §§ 3729-3733</span></strong></a>. Therefor, in 2009, NSF General Counsel Lawrence Rudolph relinquished NSF's URL, <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><strong>www.nsffunding.com</strong></a>.<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
Published to the Internet on September 24, 2009. The work has seen a great many revisions to incorporate the inputs from valued colleagues. These inputs made simple what once was an unintelligible development. Most, if not all, of the problems attending Luse's commitment of the GAO review are, if not solved, understood. One remaining concern is the collective action of certain executives of a number of government units behind the making and sustaining of the Calvin cycle. That action tends to stand in the way toward an immediate, full resolution of the Calvin cycle.</div>
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12877068353808561816noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7647826140700304496.post-43130790459398325122010-06-11T06:51:00.000-07:002011-04-16T04:08:29.511-07:00Solving the Calvin Cycle : Identifying ASU as NSF-Funded World Center for Dark Photosynthesis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmJl1yYwU66BefRwnKM0JNazPlMtvAuotCLWOaF91lT2x4clv72pocalRvYM0oFf-WiVtb3AvRtBcd_1gWs8fwy403wHAC87JJkc_BcivHMFgnZyx2n-PgXJffH10Sj4pR3vRb1hAIJZM/s1600/Orr+and+friends.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" qu="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmJl1yYwU66BefRwnKM0JNazPlMtvAuotCLWOaF91lT2x4clv72pocalRvYM0oFf-WiVtb3AvRtBcd_1gWs8fwy403wHAC87JJkc_BcivHMFgnZyx2n-PgXJffH10Sj4pR3vRb1hAIJZM/s320/Orr+and+friends.jpg" /></a></div>This post on solving the Calvin cycle, the photosynthetic dark reactions in photosynthesis -- an apparently imperishable NSF fraud case, supplements the National Science Foundation's finding for the author Francis K. <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/02/how-author-francis-k-fong-discovered.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>Fong's discovery</strong></span></a> of the Calvin cycle. See, <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>the Calvin Cycle Ponzi Scheme Website</strong></span></a>.<br />
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To solve the Calvin cycle, the issue involves the multifaceted "memorable quotes" on that website's <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/11/spare-copy-of-nsffundingcoms-official.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>predecessor page</strong></span></a>, reflecting the apparent imperishability of the Calvin cycle. Setting aside the Seventh Circuit's historical connections to the Big Tuna, the Chicago Mafia Godfather Joe "the Batters" Accardo, for the court's thefts from Treasury, bribery and murder; setting aside the reviewer/reader negligence in reading the Calvin cycle "not with fraud in mind," and dark photosynthesists' knowledge of undergraduate chemistry, a central question is, how the "NSF-funded world center for photosynthesis" of <a href="http://fkfong.blogspot.com/2010/03/aouscs-report-fot-francis-k-fong-courts.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>Kelly Lee's summary</strong></span></a> handles <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>Cordova's finding</strong></span></a>, that the dark reaction cycle has nothing to do with photosynthesis.<br />
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To be specific, the question is, how Cordova as a member of the National Science Board Oversight Committee overseeing NSF OIG's (Office of Inspector General) investigation of the Calvin cycle, handles her finding, which is tantamount to one that NSF's six decades of funding based on the Calvin cycle is subject to the rule of <a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/04/statutes-for-prosecuting-tax-related.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>18 U.S.C. Section 371</strong></span></a>.<br />
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After <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/nsf-biophysics-program-director-martin.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>NSF invited Fong</strong></span></a> to submit a workshop proposal, in 1978-79, he reviewed with NSF Deputy Director George Pimentel Purdue instructor Dale Margerum's <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>work of fiction</strong></span></a> that became the Calvin cycle. Pimentel, then newly named to succeed Calvin as Director of the Lawrence Radiation Chemical Biodynamics Laboratory, of course, knew that the Calvin cycle, the photosynthetic dark reactions, was irreconcilable with Calvin and co-workers' finding of the light carboxylation reaction. <br />
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NSF sponsors the "<a href="http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=501026"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>Energy for Sustainability program</strong></span></a>," reminiscent of Fong's discussion with Calvin in the <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/nsf-biophysics-program-director-martin.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>Asilomar meeting</strong></span></a>. NSF’s aggressive program for funding photosynthesis research “to mimic these processes in synthetic non-biological systems to transform light energy into chemical energy” has not progressed beyond Fong's <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2009/12/us-patents-and-partial-list-of.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>patents</strong></span></a> of the late 1970’s. That NSF program directors <em>appear</em> to be oblivious of the foregoing issues is reflected in the discussion to follow. <br />
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In a millionth of a millionth second, the <a href="http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=108534"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>National Science Foundation reported</strong></span></a>, in May of 2007, chlorophyll photosynthesis researchers led by Neal Woodbury, a scientist at the Arizona State University (ASU) Biodesign Institute, in work funded by the NSF found that "plants approach the pinnacle of stinginess by scavenging nearly every photon of available light energy to produce food," to sustain all life on earth. <br />
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"The discovery involves the orchestrated movement of proteins on the timescale of a millionth of a millionth of a second." And, said Kamal Shukla, program director in the NSF Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, "This pioneering research gives us new insights into the basic mechanism of photosynthesis," adding, "Understanding such basic biological processes can lead to important societal benefits." <br />
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Shukla, the NSF program director who made this social benefits statements, inadvertently demonstrated the chasm of oblivion that prevails within the research community funded by the NSF. Were those statements made to paraphrase Woodbury et al's claim for having solved the primary photosynthesis events? Surely, Woodbury et al must know that the Calvin cycle, the dark reaction cycle in photosynthesis, had nothing to do with photosynthesis!? And, surely, they must also know that their finding reported by the NSF, of course, had nothing to do with photosynthesis, or was not even new!? <br />
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It is long-settled that all photoexcitation processes occur on the time scale of a picosecond (i.e., "a millionth of a millionth second"). But chlorophyll photoexcitation in plants, or chlorophyll light-harvesting, is a <strong>photophysical</strong> process, not photosynthesis, a photochemical reaction. In order for Woodbury's "pioneering research to give new insights into the basic mechanism of photosynthesis," Kamal Shukla and other NSF program directors will first need to <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>understand</strong></span></a> why the ASU photosynthesis center funded by the NSF acts as a principal proponent of the Calvin cycle, a federal false claim.<br />
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If they are not in the con game to defraud the United States Treasury, Cordova, Shukla and others need to unravel why the ASU workers, on the one hand, claim their observation of the photophysical process as "photosynthesis," and on the other, base their photosynthesis "research" on the Calvin cycle, the dark photosynthesis, in which the reaction steps occur on the time scale of milliseconds, i.e., in the NSF program director's language, the alleged photosynthetic dark reactions occurring at rates "one thousand million times" slower than the "millionth of a millionth second" (or, simply, picosecond) process, which they also call "photosynthesis." <br />
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On <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>the Calvin Cycle Website</strong></span></a>, Fong responds as follows to NSF OIG Assistant Inspector General (Criminal) Peggy Fischer's request dating back to 2002 for an account of the Calvin cycle. As long ago as the fall of 1989, by a rigorous test of NSF's reading of Calvin et al's original papers on their C-14 tracer studies, Clifford Bennett, NSF OIG Assistant Inspector General (Audit), <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>found for</strong></span></a> Fong's discovery of the Calvin cycle. Woodbury, Cordova, Shukla and other NSF program directors are all Ph.D. scientists. By the foregoing analysis, Fong arrives at the conclusion, preliminarily at least, that these persons all engaged in the systemwide scheme (described in <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/3%20December%20return.jpg"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>the</strong> <strong>1996 report</strong></span></a> incorporated in the Fongs' 1995 Form 1040 federal tax return) to penetrate Treasury and violate <a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/04/statutes-for-prosecuting-tax-related.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>18 U.S.C. Section 371</strong></span></a>. <br />
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A break in the case came on 6-20-06, when IDR's (Indiana Department of Revenue) General Counsel's Office approved the <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWODE4YTQ4NmYtNzY1NS00MzllLTkyODgtYWU1NTliNDY5MTM4&hl=en"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>Henninger resolution</strong></span></a> for its agreement involving Fong attached to a Writ of Mandamus issued on 1-10-94 by the Indiana Supreme Court. A series of events followed as a result of that resolution. First came Purdue President France <a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2010/04/syndicate-control-of-indiana-supreme.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>Cordova's appointment</strong></span></a> to the National Science Board (NSB). Then, accountant Kelly Lee of AOUSC (Administrative Office of U.S. Courts) <a href="http://fkfong.blogspot.com/2010/03/aouscs-report-fot-francis-k-fong-courts.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>disclosed</strong></span></a> that Dale Margerum (author of the <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>news story that became known as the Calvin cycle</strong></span></a>) was the catalyst for the creation of an "NSF-funded center" to <span style="color: red;"><strong>handle</strong></span> the court's <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/03/correspondence-from-francis-k-fong-to.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>withdrawal</strong></span></a> of the $48,903.81 from a Treasury account. That money found its way through (<a href="http://nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>Senator Lugar's</strong></span></a>) profitable insider trading in JPM Industries shares, and became a source of payments made to revenue and OIG employees, the seed money for federal funding of the sort of dark photosynthesis research at ASU. The unraveling of the NSF-funded center was the reason why Cordova's finding of 2-1-10 provided the much needed, though belated, support to NSF OIG's determination of 1989 in favor of Fong's discovery of the Calvin cycle. See, <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>the Calvin Cycle Website</strong></span></a> published at Fischer's behest. The above findings of fact are corroborated as follows: <br />
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On 4-25-10, Fong posted the "<a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>Two-Pronged Question</strong></span></a>" addressed to Cordova. The TPQ was originally <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>designed by Bennett</strong></span></a> as a test question to establish the validity of NSF's reading of Calvin et al's original papers on their discovery of the light carboxylation reaction. It is pertinent to the FBI PX 45 request, <a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/02/documentation-of-hunt-submissions.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>a/k/a the Calvin cycle</strong></span></a>, submitted before the House Oversight Subcommittee by Communications Director LuAnn Canipe. Cordova failed to respond to the TPQ, because Bennett in 1989 had already answered it in NSF OIG's determination of the Calvin cycle as a fraud. Instead, on 5-11-10, Larry posted a comment to <strong>alert the world</strong> that comments were deleted from that post, to which Fong, on 6-11-10, posted a comment in response. Larry's World Alert and Fong's response are <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html#comments"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>reproduced verbatim</strong></span></a> as follows: <br />
<ul><li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/profile/14997715605760216838"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>Larry</strong></span></a> said... Looks like I will have to alert the world that you are deleting comments on this site. That is so much like you. Anyone that disagrees with you gets zapped. Pity. May 11, 2010 8:58 PM </li>
<li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/profile/12877068353808561816"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>Francis K. Fong</strong></span></a> said... I did not delete any comments on this site. Rather, <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/05/how-calvin-cycle-works.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>on 5-15-10</strong></span></a>, I separately posted Program Manager (ASU Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis) Larry Orr's email of 5-11-10. In that context, Larry's report of deletions is material to NSF OIG's request for a synopsis for the FBI PX 45 request mentioned in the first sentence of that (5-15-10) post. Larry is requested to re-post his response to the two-pronged question, or otherwise submit the deleted comments to Peggy Fischer via email, <a href="mailto:pfischer@nsf.gov"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>pfischer@nsf.gov</strong></span></a>, with cc to <a href="mailto:fkfong@nsffunding.com"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>fkfong@nsffunding.com</strong></span></a>. June 11, 2010 6:02 AM </li>
</ul>Larry is Larry Orr of the ASU Photosynthesis Center. Fong did not make any deletions of comments made by ASU responsive to the TPQ. A likely solution is that no such comments were posted by Cordova or ASU. If so, it would seem reasonable to suppose that ASU is the NSF-funded center disclosed by AOUSC, and that the World Alert issued by ASU was the latest contribution in furtherance of the Calvin cycle as "photosynthesis."<br />
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Cordova's failing to answer the TPQ is <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/05/how-calvin-cycle-works.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>pivotal</strong></span></a> to unraveling the <a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2009/12/nationwide-counsel-kyrouacs-knowledge.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>implementation</strong></span></a> of an <a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2010/04/author-francis-k-fongs-motivation-for.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>agreement</strong></span></a> for rendering impotent the House Oversight Subcommittee's investigation of the Calvin cycle.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12877068353808561816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7647826140700304496.post-22150710349939222142010-05-15T06:45:00.000-07:002012-08-11T02:48:29.220-07:00The Calvin Cycle : Its Purpose, Its Viability and ASU's response to this Investigation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;">The Purpose : Penetrating NSF and Funding of Basic Research</span></strong> </div>
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The purpose in making of the Calvin cycle was to foreclose the United States' development of photosynthesis as an alternative energy, in furtherance of Purdue trustees president Don Powers et al's ownership interests in NIPSCO, a giant fossil-fuel business in Northwest Indiana. On NSFfunding.com's Proposal Website, Fong recounts the National Science Foundation's finding for his discovery of the Calvin Cycle in the terms of an NSF fraud case to violate <a href="http://www.taf.org/federalfca.htm"><strong><span style="color: blue;">the Federal False Claim Act</span></strong></a>, a device for penetrating the NSF and this nation's other funding agencies to corrupt the fabric of scientific inquiry in photosynthesis research. Its victims number in the millions, including all students at the <a href="http://bioenergy.asu.edu/photosyn/education/learn.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">high school and undergraduate levels</span></strong></a> - the target of institutionalized campaigns exemplified by those launched by ASU's (Arizona State University) <a href="http://bioenergy.asu.edu/"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis</span></strong></a>.<br />
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At PCDF's behest Purdue instructor <a href="http://www.chem.purdue.edu/people/faculty/faculty.asp?itemID=47"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Dale W. Margerum</span></strong></a> in July of 1955 released,<span style="color: blue;"> </span><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">contrary to</span></strong></a> the findings of Melvin Calvin and his co-workers at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, a <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/01%20Chem.%20Eng.%20News,%2007-55.jpg"><span style="color: orange;"><strong><span style="color: blue;">news</span> <span style="color: blue;">story</span></strong></span></a> that Calvin demonstrated <em>in vitro</em> the dark reaction in photosynthesis. The fictitious story by Margerum became universally known as the Calvin cycle, the path of carbon in dark photosynthesis.<br />
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The Calvin cycle is by far the more viable of Purdue's two intertwining <a href="http://fkfong.blogspot.com/2010/04/francis-k-fongs-index-blog.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">federal false claims</span></strong></a>, for which Cordova was <a href="http://fkfong.blogspot.com/2010/03/aouscs-report-fot-francis-k-fong-courts.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">presumably</span></strong></a> made Purdue President and, then, appointed to the NSB to succeed her predecessor Purdue President Steve Beering, chairman of the NBS, and take charge of this instant investigation.<br />
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Calvin Cycle, the Viability of a Ponzi Scheme</span></strong></div>
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<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">Whatever the attributes of the Calvin cycle, it has proved itself beyond the reach of conventional law enforcement, invincible through the decades as an NSF fraud case and bribery-conspiracy to defraud the Internal Revenue Service.</span><br />
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For the National Science Foundation's finding for the author Francis K. Fong's discovery of the Calvin cycle, the photosynthetic dark reactions, and its explanation of how the Calvin cycle became established contrary to Calvin et al's finding of the light carboxylation reaction, see NSFfunding.com's <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: orange;"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Proposal</span> <span style="color: blue;">Website</span></strong></span></a>. This<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Proposal Website documents Calvin's lifelong attempt, in vain, to undo the consequences of his adoption of Margerum's work of fiction, that he and his co-workers demonstrated by experiment that photosynthesis operates in the dark. That Website describes work dedicated to penetrating this viability of the Calvin cycle. It probes the mechanism by which ranking Executive officers of the United States Government enforce the Calvin cycle upon the community. </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">The purpose is to detect these Executive officers, especially career officers at the NSF, IRS and Department of Justice (Tax Division) responsible for enforcing the Calvin cycle, the dark reaction in photosynthesis, known since the 1970's as a bribery-conspiracy to defraud the Internal Revenue Service. </span><br />
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Earlier, this Proposal Website was briefly named the "Calvin cycle Ponzi Site." Calvin's finding of the light reaction, Reaction (L), was rendered "dark," even while the Z scheme of dark redox reactions became known as the "light" reaction. In a concious effort to maintain this reversal of the original findings published in the permanent literature, more and more ranking officers of the Executive agencies become engaged in the cover up of the Calvin cycle as an NSF fraud case. They pump more and more federal tax dollars into the peer reviewed research of dark photosynthesis to maintain the dividend stream of new "scientific findings." This way, they succeed in deceiving the tax paying community into thinking that federal funding of dark photosynthesis is sound government spending. Another early name for the Proposal Website was "NSF OIG's Website." In 2002, Peggy Fischer of NSF Office of Inspector General (OIG), a key Executive player in the Calvin cycle Ponzi scheme, <a href="http://docs.google.com/leaf?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWM2JjMmE0NTItYTdlOC00NzIzLWIxZTYtM2EzZDdiNmY4NzYy&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">requested</span></strong></a> from the author a synopsis for PCDF's (Purdue-Calumet Development Foundation) <a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2009/12/pcdfs-purdue-calumet-development.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">making</span></strong></a> of the Calvin cycle. Dr. Fischer is a person of interest in this investigation, a/k/a <a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/02/documentation-of-hunt-submissions.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">the FBI PX 45 Request</span></strong></a> before the House Oversight Subcommittee. <br />
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Fischer is OIG's Associate Inspector General in charge of investigating criminal activities arising from funding by the NSF. The Trustees of Purdue University appointed France A. Cordova as President of the University. In 2009 Cordova also succeeded former Purdue President Steven C. Beering's nomination (in 2002) to the National Science Board's (NSB) Oversight Committee in charge of this investigation. </span><br />
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Personalized Verbal Assault, ASU's Response</span></strong></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmJl1yYwU66BefRwnKM0JNazPlMtvAuotCLWOaF91lT2x4clv72pocalRvYM0oFf-WiVtb3AvRtBcd_1gWs8fwy403wHAC87JJkc_BcivHMFgnZyx2n-PgXJffH10Sj4pR3vRb1hAIJZM/s1600/Orr+and+friends.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" gu="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmJl1yYwU66BefRwnKM0JNazPlMtvAuotCLWOaF91lT2x4clv72pocalRvYM0oFf-WiVtb3AvRtBcd_1gWs8fwy403wHAC87JJkc_BcivHMFgnZyx2n-PgXJffH10Sj4pR3vRb1hAIJZM/s320/Orr+and+friends.jpg" /></a>The Calvin cycle is generally accepted as the dark (or "light-independent," whatever that phrase means, as a substitute for the naked adjective "dark") photosynthetic carbon reactions. It began in 1955 as an instrument for <a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2009/12/pcdfs-purdue-calumet-development.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong><span style="color: blue;">generating</span> <span style="color: blue;">federal</span> <span style="color: blue;">reimbursement</span> <span style="color: blue;">moneys</span></strong></span></a> for Purdue trustees to use Purdue's Ross-Ade, Purdue Research and Purdue-Calumet Development Foundations to buy and sell real estate in Northwest Indiana for personal profit. It has since developed an envious following of a magnitude rivaled not even by the flat earth theory dating back to the Dark Ages. <br />
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The vast following was nurtured through the decades, in part at least, by monies <a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: orange;"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Richard</span> <span style="color: blue;">A.</span> <span style="color: blue;">Posner</span></strong></span></a> withdrew from Treasury with the help of <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/03/correspondence-from-francis-k-fong-to.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong><span style="color: blue;">AOUSC</span> <span style="color: blue;">executives</span></strong></span></a>. In recent years,<span style="color: blue;"> </span><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Cordova</span></strong></a> and <a href="http://hydrogeneconomyfromphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/976-f2d-735-second-posner-order.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Christine</span> <span style="color: blue;">Boesz</span></strong></span></a>, respectively member of the NSB and Inspector General of the National Science Foundation (NSF), maintained for federal funding purposes the integrity of the Calvin cycle, with <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/05/proposed-deadline-date-5-24-10-for.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Larry</span> <span style="color: blue;">Orr</span></strong></span></a> as their principal spokesman. Whatever drove those purposes, their poorly-reasoned choice of the dark photosynthesis standard for funding NSF proposals was demonstrated in Orr's response (shown below) to the two-pronged question Fong <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/05/proposed-deadline-date-5-24-10-for.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong><span style="color: blue;">addressed</span><span style="color: blue;"> to Cordova</span></strong></span></a>. What Cordova and Boesz accomplished is the foreclosure of this country's development of photosynthesis as an alternative energy. <br />
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Orr, who earned a B.A. in English from Arizona State University (ASU), <a href="http://bioenergy.asu.edu/photosyn/photoweb/orrbio.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">was</span></strong></a> an NSF administrative coordinator. As this country's leading proponent of the Calvin cycle, he speaks from his position as Program Manager for the <a href="http://search.asu.edu/search?q=larry+orr&sort=date%3AD%3AL%3Ad1&output=xml_no_dtd&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&client=asu_frontend&proxystylesheet=asu_frontend"><strong><span style="color: blue;">ASU Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis</span></strong></a>. He is a co-author of a widely distributed <a href="http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/photosyn/2000-June/001704.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Web-based message</span></strong></a> predicated upon the Calvin cycle. He is also the senior author of the paper, Orr, L. and Govindjee (1999), Photosynthesis and the World Wide Web. In: Photosynthesis: Mechanisms and Effects, Garab, G. (Ed.) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Vol. V, pp. 4387-4392, also based on the Calvin cycle.</div>
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In the <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">post dated 4-25-10</span></strong></a> on this blog, Fong posed for Cordova's proper response the two-pronged question as follows:<br />
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<li>Do the published studies, Refs. 6-10 <span style="color: #9fc5e8;">[</span><span style="color: #6fa8dc;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-size: x-small;"><strong>(6) Bassham, J.A., Shibata, K., Steenberg, K., Bourdon, J. and Calvin, M. (1956) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 78, 4120-4124. (7) Vishniac, W., Horecker, B.L., and Ochoa, S. (1957) Adv. Enzymol. 19, 1-77. (8) Bassham, J.A. and Calvin, M. (1957) "The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis," Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. (9) Calvin, M. and Pon, N.G. (1959) J. Cellular Comp. Physiol., 54, Suppl. 1, 51-74. (10) Bassham, J.A. and Kirk, M. (1960) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 43, 447-464</strong></span></span><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">]</span>, represent the entire body of Calvin et al and others' published work on the path of carbon in photosynthesis, on which was based <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2009/12/calvin-cycle-von-baeyer-photochemical.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">the Fong-Butcher model</span></strong></a>? </li>
<li>Are there other studies than Margerum's story <span style="color: #9fc5e8;">[</span><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-size: x-small;">(a) Chem. Eng. News. 33, 2809 (July 4, 1955), on which was based Calvin's Centenary Lecture before the Chemical Society in London, (b) Calvin, M. (1956) J. Chem. Soc., 1956, 1895-1915</span><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">]</span> that would support a conclusion of the dark reaction cycle, for which Calvin claimed the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry? </li>
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On 5-11-10, Orr in a message, Subject: "Please take your medication," <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/05/proposed-deadline-date-5-24-10-for.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">responded</span></strong></a> on Cordova's behalf:<br />
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<li><strong><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Your attempts to disrupt the thinking of rational human beings by your erratic and persistent screeds and immature behavior have failed. Please confine your pissing to the WC, not the web. I've talked to your son and he is very ashamed of you and your behavior. Please go back on your medications and leave the rest of us alone.</span></strong></li>
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Other than the fact that Orr's use of the English language was less than decorous and that, upon Dr. Bryan Morris' <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/05/how-calvin-cycle-works.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">examination scheduled after</span></strong></a> Orr wrote, Fong's only ailment requiring medical attention was hypertension, Orr's response may be pivotal to a productive resolution of the Calvin cycle as follows:<br />
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<li>Fong did have one of his two sons engage in an early stage of this matter concerning "<a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2010/04/syndicate-control-of-indiana-supreme.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">the order</span></strong></a>," [as documented in <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWOGE1ODdhODYtNTZlNy00YjVhLWEwNmMtOTc4ODBkZmNkOWE2&hl=en"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Shepard (1-25-94)</span></strong></a>] used in Tom Busch's <a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2009/12/nationwide-counsel-kyrouacs-knowledge.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">implementation</span></strong></a> of the <a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2010/04/author-francis-k-fongs-motivation-for.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Kyrouac Agreement</span></strong></a>, but one not of Orr's description; and</li>
<li>Fong's other son was a recipient of the <a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2010/04/experimental-observations-of-richard.html"><strong><span style="color: blue;">death threats of 1-3-96</span></strong></a>, which were delivered also to Fong and his wife, Margareta.</li>
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</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12877068353808561816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7647826140700304496.post-84568845319101340102010-04-25T08:21:00.000-07:002014-09-09T06:16:04.046-07:00Cordova's Finding: Affirming NSF's Definition of Francis K. Fong's Discovery of Margerum's Work of Fiction that Begot the Calvin Cycle and its Z scheme<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">A. Calvin Cycle Discussion on</span> <a href="http://www.biology-online.org/biology-forum/about16633.html"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Biology-Online.Org's Forum</span></a></span></b></div>
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This post complements <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><b><span style="color: blue;">NSFfunding.com's Website</span></b></a> on Calvin cycle, the dark reactions in photosynthesis.<br />
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There is an interesting discussion on biology-online.org/biology-forum under the title, "<a href="http://www.biology-online.org/biology-forum/about16633.html"><b><span style="color: blue;">the Calvin cycle???help please</span></b></a>." First, the universally accepted interpretation of the Calvin cycle is described:</div>
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"NADPH is actually electron provided and made blablabla, not hydrogen. And last, but not least this triose called glyceraldehyde phosphate is primarily recycled, that's why is it called 'The Calvin CYCLE,' and why it can work all the time - Just a minor part is transformed to hexose (primarily fructose), the rest has nothing to do with the Calvin cycle." </blockquote>
Then, Biology-Online.Org's discussion departs from the accepted interpretation, in that Melvin Calvin, to whom is attributed the Calvin cycle, or the dark reactions in photosynthesis, had nothing to do with the Calvin cycle. The reason is because Calvin and his group at Berkeley published, in their original papers, findings from their C-14 tracer experiments that the "triose called glyceraldehyde phosphate is NOT recycled." Calvin et al reported a carboxylation reaction in photosynthesis which is neither dark nor cyclic, but a photoreductive reaction. The CO2 assimilated from the air by the RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) results in<span style="color: orange;"><b> </b></span><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><b><span style="color: blue;"><i>reductive</i> splitting</span></b></a> of the 6-C intermediate into one molecule of PGA (phosphoglycerate) and the other a triose, glyceraldehyde phosphate, which condenses to make glucose and, then, starch. <br />
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This post provides a detailed analysis of the author <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/02/how-author-francis-k-fong-discovered.html"><b><span style="color: blue;">Francis K. Fong's discovery of the Calvin cycle</span></b></a>, or, the mechanism by which the Calvin cycle, or the dark reactions in photosynthesis, came into being. <br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">B. The Calvin Cycle, an Unlikely Fraud</span></b><br />
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This post and the above quote on the Calvin cycle as an imperishable fraud should be read in conjunction with the National Science Foundation OIG's determination upon NSF's <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><b><span style="color: blue;">explanation</span></b></a> of Fong's discovery of the Calvin cycle, the dark reactions in photosynthesis - a work of fiction by a Purdue instructor. <br />
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The NSF explains the discovery in terms of negligence for its flawed review of Fong's NSF proposal, No. DCB 8822928. The explanation was followed by NSF OIG's determination, that the Calvin cycle was a fraud. Unfortunately, this determination was complicated by countermeasures to State Director Keith Luse's (Lugar) commitment of a GAO review, which resulted in the killing of Don MacLauchlan, vice-president of Carbon Reduction, sponsor for DCB 8822928. <br />
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This post follows closely NSF Division Director Bruce <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><b><span style="color: blue;">Umminger's reading</span></b></a> of the original papers by Calvin et al; and was necessitated by the belated corroboration, an independent finding by Purdue President and NSB (National Science Board) member France A. Cordova, done in response to Fong's <a href="https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWYjNiY2Q4ZTktOTUzYi00MGI3LTk1YWEtNGEzYWZjNmFkMTc5&hl=en"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><b>request to clarify PEFCU's payment, in 1978</b></span></a>, of the <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/03/correspondence-from-francis-k-fong-to.html"><b><span style="color: blue;">$48,903.81 from Treasury</span></b></a> to revenue officers and NSF OIG employees. <br />
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The Calvin cycle as an unlikely false claim by a Purdue instructor differs qualitatively from a second, equally improbable false claim by another Purdue researcher, something called the "tabletop thermal bubbles for nuclear fusion involving high-energy particles." Whereas the "tabletop thermal bibles" as a fraud, like most frauds in science, was exposed by the work of others in the field, the Calvin cycle was embraced by those who knew it as a fraud by their own finding of the light carboxylation reaction. Former Purdue President and NSB chairman Steve Beering on <a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2009/12/pcdfs-purdue-calumet-development.html"><b><span style="color: blue;">the PX 45 tape</span></b></a> attributed this difference to the Calvin cycle as the product of a secret procedure called the Blue-Book formula, a money-making proposition by which Purdue trustees used federal reimbursement moneys from PCDF's (Purdue-Calumet Development Foundation) East Chicago Loan and Grant Contract to invest in the <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/12/senator-lugars-connections-to-chicago.html"><b><span style="color: blue;">Munster Plains real estate development</span></b></a>, as described in Fong's <a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2009/12/pcdfs-purdue-calumet-development.html"><b><span style="color: blue;">reports of 1995 and 1996</span></b></a> to IR Commissioner Richardson. </div>
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In the discussion to follow, Fong reproduces NSF's determination of 1989, of how a work of fiction became the Calvin cycle, the universally acclaimed "synthesis in the light of biomass from water and carbon dioxide <b>in the dark</b>." He reports the NSF's demonstration of how the Calvin cycle became established, not by reviewer negligence on the part of NSF program directors, but by a knowing, patterned activity calculated to penetrate the United States Treasury. </div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">C. Margerum's Work of Fiction that Became the Calvin Cycle</span></b><br />
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<b><u><span style="color: #444444;">I. Differentiating Carboxylation Reaction in the Dark (D) from that in Light (L)</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: #444444;">In the Calvin cycle the uptake of carbon dioxide by the 5-carbon ribulose bisphosphate, RuBP, results in the release of two molecules of the 3-carbon D-glycerate-3-phosphate, 3-PGA. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: #444444;">With the "high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds" in the ATP, adenosine triphosphate, and the reducing agent, NADPH (the reduced form of NADP+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) obtained from the "Z-scheme of light reactions," the 3-PGA molecules from the RuBP carboxylation then undergo thermally activated reduction <b>in the dark</b> to sugar. Meanwhile, the C-14 experiments by</span> the Berkeley researchers led them to the conclusion that the RuBP carboxylation reaction in the light results in the photoreduction of carbon without the participation of ATP. A review of this finding, which is briefly summarized below, was published in the definitive research monograph on this subject, Bassham,J.A. and Calvin,M. (1957) "The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis," Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. </div>
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In 1952, Calvin reported [Calvin,M. and Massini,P. (1952) Experientia 8, 445-484] the formation of PGA in an overall reaction requiring RuBP and carbon dioxide. He delineated two pathways for the uptake of one carbon dioxide molecule by the 5-carbon RuBP. In the light, the carboxylation reaction resulted in the formation of one mlecule of PGA and one of triose, a three-carbon molecule at the sugar oxidation level, but that in the dark gave two molecules of PGA. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Fig.1. Wilson and Calvin (1955)</b></span></td></tr>
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In June of 1955, Calvin submitted a manuscript for publication in the <i>Journal of American Society</i> [Wilson,A.T. and Calvin,M. (1955) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 5948-5957], Fig.1, in which he reported detailed experimental procedures in corroboration of Calvin and Massini (1952). </div>
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Wilson and Calvin (1955) showed proof (pictured right) of the designations in Calvin and Massini (1952) of the two different fates of the carboxylation reaction in the light (L) and dark (D). The two reaction pathways are schematically shown below:<br />
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RuBP + CO2 ────> Triose →→→ Sucrose (L)</div>
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──> 3-PGA<br />
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RuBP + CO2 ────> 3-PGA + 3-PGA (D)<br />
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<span style="color: white;">RuBP + CO2 ────> 2 3-PGA (D)</span></div>
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<b><u>II. Grutzner's Exposition of the Photosynthetic Path of Carbon</u></b></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Fig.2. Purdue's affidavit.</b></span></td></tr>
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At this point, Fong presents John Grutzner's elegant explanation, Fig.2, in a few words, of the seemingly convoluted development (1952 to the present) called the Calvin cycle.<br />
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Reaction (D) was established by Horecker et al (1956) [Weissbach.A., Horecker,B.L. and Hurwitz, J. (1956) J. Biol. Chem. 218, 795-810] and Ochoa et al (1956) [Jakoby,W.B., Brummond,D.O., and Ochoa, S.J. (1956) J. Biol. Chem. 218, 811-822], who reported its occurrence in the dark, using purified enzyme (RuBP carbolase/oxygenase) preparations outside of the living plant. <br />
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The in vitro demonstration of reaction (D) was important, because its characterization provides a comparison and contrast for the Wilson and Calvin's observation of in vivo carbon reduction as the light reaction (L). In in vivo experiments using living plant cells, Wilson and Calvin could find no evidence of reaction (D). Instead, they found only reaction (L), in which only one half of the carbon fixation product appears as the PGA, whereas the other half is directly reduced in the light to yield triose, and then sucrose. Wilson and Calvin described reactions (L) and (D) as endergonic and exergonic, respectively; the reduction of the PGA from (D) would require ATP and NADPH, whereas (L) would occur spontaneously in the light. These authors further observed that photosynthetic carbon reduction to produce sucrose occurs in a non-cyclic reaction, while the PGA produced in reaction (L) enters into the dark reactions of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle to regenerate the 5-carbon RuBP. Reaction (L) thus provides a direct coupling between the light and dark reactions in plant photosynthesis. Calvin et al's observations of the properties of reaction (L) in Wilson and Calvin (1955) and in their extensive subsequent studies were summarized by Calvin, see, Calvin,M. and Pon,N.G. (1959) J. Cellular Comp. Physiol., 54, Suppl. 1, 51-74. The original papers by Calvin et al provided the basis for the Fong-Butcher model (1988) of photoreductive carbon fixation in photosynthesis. <br />
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On 9-4-10, Grutzner provided Fong with an elegant, but simple, explanation (pictured above left) of the Fong-Butcher "correction" of Calvin's differentiation, Calvin and Pon (1959) at Fig. 27, of Reaction (L) from Reaction (D). </div>
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Summing up, in Calvin and Massini (1952) and Wilson and Calvin (1955), Calvin described Reaction (L) as one occurring in the light, in which the PGA undergoes <i><b>photo</b></i>reduction to triose without the intervention of the ATP and NADPH.<br />
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<b><u>III. How Margerum's Work of Fiction Became the Calvin Cycle</u></b></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Fig.3. 14th ACS NOS program</b></span>.</td></tr>
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Upon J. Am. Chem. Soc.'s receipt on 6-20-55 of the Wilson and Calvin manuscript, on a following Wednesday morning, Calvin presented his findings at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory of the carboxylation Reactions (L) and (D) in the prestigious 14th ACS (American Chemical Society) National Organic Chemistry Symposium (NOS) held at the Chemistry Department of Purdue University, Fig.3. <br />
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On 7-4-55, the ACS newspaper, <i>Chem. Eng. News </i>33, 2809 (July 4, 1955), Fig.4, published a story released by Purdue Chemistry instructor Dale W. Margerum. The story established as true and tried the dark reaction cycle in photosynthesis today known as the Calvin cycle. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Fig.4. Margerum's work of fiction.</b></span></td></tr>
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Purdue's story published on 7-4-55 correctly reported that it was based on Calvin's presentation of Wilson and Calvin's experiments in the 14th NOS held at Purdue, which appeared later that year in print in the <i>Journal of American Chemical Society</i> as Wilson and Calvin (1955). But in Wilson and Calvin (1955) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, at 5954, (see image shown above) Calvin discussed "the possibility that both (D) and (L) may be alternative fates for the primary carboxylation product P," (L) being "the direct reductive splitting of P presumably not involving ATP [that] might be expected to be more efficient." Unfortunately, the <i>Chem. Eng. News</i> was based on Purdue instructor Dale Margerum's work of fiction, as follows states facts other than published in Wilson and Calvin (1955) and Calvin and Massini (1952):</div>
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"Each of the steps in the photosynthetic carbon dioxide reduction cycle has been determined, and it is now possible to define reagent requirements to maintain it. </div>
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"The requirement for reduction of one molecule of carbon dioxide is four equivalents hydrogen and three molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Photochemical reactions must be the suppliers of these."</div>
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In Calvin and Pon (1959), Calvin's final experimental report corroborating Reaction (L), was a reference to an abstract published in the 135th Natl. Meet. Am. Chem. Soc., p. 11F. That reference appeared in print as Bassham,J.A. and Kirk,M. (1960) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 43, 447-464, in which Bassham and Kirk observed:<br />
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<li>"When Calvin and Massini (1952) reported the formation of PGA in an overall reaction requiring ribulose [bis]phosphate and CO2 they proposed that the reaction in the light gave one molecule of PGA and one of triose phophate [reaction (L)] but in the dark gave two molecules of PGA [reaction (D)]. Wilson [and Cavlin (1955)] discussed this possibility further ***. We shall present here an argument, based on kinetic data, which indicates that the carboxylation of Ru[B]P in vivo during photosynthesis gives rise to only one molecule of 3-PGA." </li>
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These authors thus aptly concluded Berkeley researchers' work establishing Calvin and Massini's finding of Reaction (L). This work spanned the entire decade of these researchers' celebrated C-14 tracer studies beginning with Calvin and Massini (1952) and ending with Bassham and Kirk (1960), literally up to the eve of Calvin's receiving his 1961 Nobel Prize for the photosynthetic dark reaction, Purdue's work of fiction that became the Calvin cycle. <br />
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Unfortunately, all of that laborious work was wiped out, as the fictitious account published by Margerum in the news media became established as the Calvin cycle, the dark photosynthetic reactions.</div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">D. The Bassham-Benson-Calvin Cycle</span></b></div>
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In the opening sections of this work, the author observes that the Calvin cycle as a fraud is different than other frauds in scientific research. Here, Fong demonstrates the unlikely phenomenon, in which workers, who know that the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis is a fraud by their own finding of the light carboxylation reaction, embrace it. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMwz63HudZfEJNiDYDc9h0yxQjkBdPHIdq9rFQ8Zdn2Ty-1mrDLjud85AlNWhT1uOkKTGzBB-dxxdqlUk3QZGt2QHd4kGAvRXJjfcCA6eWvnUkIhcsInPuValHjqbytDcWQrNpZrEwZaA/s1600/2004-04-01+Garrison+Festschrift+and+Garrison.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMwz63HudZfEJNiDYDc9h0yxQjkBdPHIdq9rFQ8Zdn2Ty-1mrDLjud85AlNWhT1uOkKTGzBB-dxxdqlUk3QZGt2QHd4kGAvRXJjfcCA6eWvnUkIhcsInPuValHjqbytDcWQrNpZrEwZaA/s200/2004-04-01+Garrison+Festschrift+and+Garrison.JPG" height="133" tt="true" width="200" /></a>In the winter of 2009-10, the editors of the Journal of Physical Chemistry C Barbara J. Garrison Festschrift invited Fong to contribute to the preface of the special issue, a biosketch of Garrison. See, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2010, 114 (12), pp. 5241–5246.<br />
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To reconstruct the lost details of the years 1976-79, Garrison's tenure at Purdue, Fong <a href="https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWNWEzZWM5NjItNzY5NS00NTAwLTk3MjctZjI1OWFiYmQyNjkw&hl=en"><b><span style="color: blue;">wrote for Cordova's help</span></b></a>. The issue turned on a suggested literature survey by Purdue pertaining to PEFCU's transfer, in 1978, of the $48,903.81 in furtherance of the Calvin cycle as the dark reaction cycle in photosynthesis. </div>
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On 2-1-10, Fong received from Michael J. Fosmire, Purdue's Head Librarian, an email, (hereinafter "<a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWYjNiY2Q4ZTktOTUzYi00MGI3LTk1YWEtNGEzYWZjNmFkMTc5&hl=en"><i><b><span style="color: blue;">Cordova</span></b></i></a>") Subject: RE: Fw: Access to Library materials - <b><span style="color: blue;">preface for JPC C Barbara Garrison Festschrift</span></b>. At Cordova's behest, Fosmire wrote to ascertain a conclusion as follows pertinent to the bubbles research and the PX 45: </div>
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<li style="border: currentColor;">"I did do a brief search of the terms you mentioned below, in the Web of Science (which indexes the most important research journals from 1900-present). A search of 'dark reaction cycle' AND 'photosynthesis' yielded no results in the database. A search of 'Calvin Cycle' returned several hundred results. The 'Calvin Cycle' appears to be in common usage, for example, an About.com entry: <a href="http://chemistry.about.com/od/lecturenotes13/a/photosynthesis_4.htm"><b><span style="color: blue;">http://chemistry.about.com/od/lecturenotes13/a/photosynthesis_4.htm</span></b></a>." </li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1ecvPaNZEdFNnAC359JPJzcsV8Zmq8EooYTlgr_w3zK4rFupTII8wjvsvNQ1YpD5tjkdc4QrYVvNjdBx-2sx89-7qxSOu5uJlZ-gdJooZH9ZuTRT2Xq5zEYDoDV1Otr6sW29EMMfyH4E/s1600/cordova%5B1%5D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1ecvPaNZEdFNnAC359JPJzcsV8Zmq8EooYTlgr_w3zK4rFupTII8wjvsvNQ1YpD5tjkdc4QrYVvNjdBx-2sx89-7qxSOu5uJlZ-gdJooZH9ZuTRT2Xq5zEYDoDV1Otr6sW29EMMfyH4E/s200/cordova%5B1%5D.jpg" height="200" tt="true" width="132" /></a>In response, Fong wrote to follow up on the implications: (<a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWYjNiY2Q4ZTktOTUzYi00MGI3LTk1YWEtNGEzYWZjNmFkMTc5&hl=en"><b><i><span style="color: orange;">Cordova</span></i></b></a> at 2)</div>
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<li style="border: currentColor;">"Pending your further search assignment to Fosmire, the results he produced should serve our purpose of arriving at an idea of how Dale Mrgerum's release of the Chem. Eng. News story (July 4, 1955) impacted the world community's understanding of photosynthesis."</li>
<li>"I googled 'dark reaction cycle' AND 'photosynthesis.' For your convenience, I attach Results 1-10 (<b><i><a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWYjNiY2Q4ZTktOTUzYi00MGI3LTk1YWEtNGEzYWZjNmFkMTc5&hl=en"><span style="color: orange;">Cordova</span></a></i></b> at 4-5) of about 59,700 results. Fosmire has thus shown proof that Dale's authorship of the Chem. Eng. News story (July 4, 1955) contrary to Wilson and Calvin (June 25, 1955) may have created a <b><span style="color: #444444;">scientific freak of unspeakable dimensions</span></b>."' </li>
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<a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWNDFjMDJmNzQtOWMzNC00NjVkLThlZmUtZmI5ZjA3NTY3MzQ3&hl=en"><b><span style="color: blue;">Cordova's finding</span></b></a>, that Purdue's claim for the Calvin cycle has nothing to do with this country's research in alternative energy, supports <a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2009/12/pcdfs-purdue-calumet-development.html"><b><span style="color: blue;">the patterned activity</span></b></a> reported by Hunter in his <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWNzk1NjM3MDEtMTc3Yy00OTk0LWEwMWUtYTFlY2RmOGRmYWYx&hl=en"><b><span style="color: blue;">complaint</span></b></a> filed with IRS Internal Security and Exempt Organization, consistent with <a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2010/04/syndicate-control-of-indiana-supreme.html"><b><span style="color: blue;">Beering's disclosure</span></b></a> for PCDF's promotion of PRF's sale of the Lawler tract. <br />
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<span style="color: #444444;"><b>This patterned activity led Govindjee, among other dark photosynthesists, to use certain alleged "light" with energy in "EMF Units at pH 7" </b>to do a Z scheme of <b> </b></span>"<a href="http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_does_the_light_reactions_of_photosynthesis_supply_the_Calvin_cycle_with"><b><span style="color: blue;">light reactions</span></b></a>." The Calvin cycle, i.e., the dark reaction cycle "in the stroma," as follows <a href="http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/photosynth/calvin1.html"><span style="color: orange;"><b><span style="color: blue;">cooperates with the light</span> <span style="color: blue;">reactions</span></b></span></a> "in the thylakoids," The light reactions provide "ATP and NADPH to the Calvin Cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the light reactions." The reducing equivalents from the ATP and NADPH from the "light reactions" convert, "in the dark," the PGA from the Calvin cycle to the sugar level. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Fig.5. Bassham-Benson-Calvin cycle</b></span>.</td></tr>
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Over the years, Fong corresponded extensively with <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/05/letters-involving-govindjee-on-calvin.html"><b><span style="color: blue;">Govindjee</span></b></a> and Don Bryant, another dark photosynthesist, in an attempt to understand the dark carbon cycle and its attending "light reactions." Govindjee specializes in the Z scheme, and is the author and editor of more than "70 research monographs" on the subject. In support of his BDPP (Dark Bacterial Photosynthesis in Plants) scheme, Bryant <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/10/letter-of-10-13-10-communicating-to.html"><b><span style="color: blue;">wrote profusely to document</span></b></a> his and Govindjee's rationale for renaming "the Calvin cycle," shown schematically in Fig.5, as "the Bassham-Benson-Calvin cycle." </div>
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The point of this review is that the dark reaction cycle as a fraud is not the same as other frauds in science and engineering. Bassham (pictured on the right) apparently welcomed Govindjee and Bryant's campaign to rename the Calvin cycle to include his name. In striking contrast, Bassham in the above-quoted passage in Bassham and Kirk (1960) clearly made a showing of his knowledge of the Calvin cycle as a fraud. After all, Bassham and Calvin (1957) spearheaded an "important" new direction for photosynthesis research as follows: </div>
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"An important question regarding the carboxylation reaction is whether the addition product splits to give two molecules of PGA [as in the Calvin cycle], or whether only one molecule of PGA is formed, the other half of the addition product being reduced directly in the light to triose phosphate." </div>
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Therefore, Cordova should complete her further finding to ascertain whether the six decades of the Calvin cycle's dominance resulted in the Z scheme of "light reactions," Fig.6, whether the proliferation of "research books" had resulted from the knowing act on the part of their authors and editors to ignore the entire body of experimental studies by Bassham, Benson, Calvin and their co-workers. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Fig.6. The Z scheme by Govindjee, in which light energy is measured by "emf's at pH7."</b></span></td></tr>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">E. Conclusion</span></b></div>
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In conclusion, the United States' losses arising from the Calvin cycle are compounded by the community's reliance on the patterned activity reported by Hunter. From this activity arose the Z scheme of two systems, Photosystem I ("P700") and photosystem II ("P680"), embraced by proponents of the Calvin cycle, including those who know, or should have known, better. The Z scheme connects, oddly, a series of "light reactions," in which the alleged "light" is measured not in electron volts, but "in terms of oxidation-reduction potentials (Em) at pH7."<br />
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Fong's demonstration of the in vitro chlorophyll water-splitting and carbon dioxide reduction reactions in red light, shown below, serves a useful purpose in accounting for Calvin et al's carboxylation in vivo in the light (L). Even so, dark photosynthesists persist in arguing that red light in a single chlorophyll photosystem does not have sufficient "emf at pH7" to split water and reduce CO2. The Z scheme of two photosystems continues unabated as the "light reactions in photosynthesis" for "storing light energy" in the form of ATP and NADPH, which "cooperate with the dark reactions" in reducing PGA from the Calvin cycle to "make sugar in the dark."<br />
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It is believed that all of this kind of "research" is funded by the National Science Foundation on account of Margerum's work of fiction that became the Calvin cycle.<br />
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Appendix:</span> <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/">Bennett's Two-Pronged Test Question</a></span></b></div>
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In view of Cordova's finding, Fong posed for her proper response the two-pronged question (originally <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><b><span style="color: blue;">designed in the fall of 1989</span></b></a> by Clifford Bennett, NSF OIG Assistant Inspector General for Audit) as follows:<br />
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<li>Do the published studies in reputable research journals, <b>Calvin,M. and Massini,P.</b> <b>(1952)</b> Experientia 8, 445-484Refs. 6-10; <b>Wilson,A.T. and Calvin,M</b>. (1955) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 5948-5957; <b>Bassham, J.A., Shibata, K., Steenberg, K., Bourdon, J. and Calvin, M.</b> <b>(1956)</b> J. Am. Chem. Soc., 78, 4120-4124; <b>Vishniac, W., Horecker, B.L., and Ochoa, S. (1957)</b> Adv. Enzymol. 19, 1-77; <b>Bassham, J.A. and Calvin, M. (1957)</b> "The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis," Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.; <b>Calvin, M. and Pon, N.G. (1959)</b> J. Cellular Comp. Physiol., 54, Suppl. 1, 51-74; and <b>Bassham, J.A. and Kirk, M. (1960)</b> Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 43, 447-464; represent the entire body of Calvin et al and others' published work on the path of carbon in photosynthesis, on which was based the Fong-Butcher model, Fig.2? </li>
<li>Are there other studies than Margerum's story [(a) Chem. Eng. News. 33, 2809 (July 4, 1955), on which was based Calvin's Centenary Lecture before the Chemical Society in London, (b) Calvin, M. (1956) J. Chem. Soc., 1956, 1895-1915] that would support a conclusion of the dark reaction cycle, for which Calvin claimed the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry? </li>
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Back to <a href="http://nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: red;">NSFfunding.com's Website</span></a>.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12877068353808561816noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7647826140700304496.post-83345456328496657632010-04-11T21:08:00.000-07:002010-11-06T05:58:39.666-07:00Patterned Activity : Six Decades of the Calvin Cycle's Dominance<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisVzog0Jb-xQh1_ZpJbVxl15hv96AKrRUmXYV5rKRTyOUf_O40TwiQypz_JH5w6rRYVMZctq5ZXhHxGj6DXXbxgdX73ZfnMvf4LKgnk-9Br-JUrWLg5fr-oextfzRVun_I7mn_A7brOOs/s1600/IMG_2817.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisVzog0Jb-xQh1_ZpJbVxl15hv96AKrRUmXYV5rKRTyOUf_O40TwiQypz_JH5w6rRYVMZctq5ZXhHxGj6DXXbxgdX73ZfnMvf4LKgnk-9Br-JUrWLg5fr-oextfzRVun_I7mn_A7brOOs/s200/IMG_2817.JPG" width="170" wt="true" /></a></div>For the National Science Foundation's explanation backed by members of the National Science Board of how the Calvin cycle was established contrary to Calvin et al's finding of the light carboxylation reaction, please visit <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>the Calvin Cycle Website</strong></span></a>.<br />
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The author Francis K. Fong back in the late 1950's <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/02/how-author-francis-k-fong-discovered.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>discovered</strong></span></a> the Calvin cycle, Mother Nature's dark reaction cycle, her formula for doing chlorophyll photosynthesis in the light <em>in the dark</em>. He has since been in pursuit of a resolution for the improbable phenomenon. <br />
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A potential solution came in the form of <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWNDFjMDJmNzQtOWMzNC00NjVkLThlZmUtZmI5ZjA3NTY3MzQ3&hl=en"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>Cordova's finding</strong></span></a>, that a search on the Web of Science using "dark reaction cycle AND photosynthesis" came up with not a single result. The <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/nsf-biophysics-program-director-martin.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>inquiry</strong></span></a> is, whether Cordova's finding is tantamount to a conclusion that the federal funding of photosynthesis research predicated on the Calvin cycle is a tax-related conspiracy. The focus here, for purposes of Fong's report to Bobby Hunt (IRS EXEC), is whether <a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2010/04/syndicate-control-of-indiana-supreme.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>the patterned activity</strong></span></a> reported in <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWNzk1NjM3MDEtMTc3Yy00OTk0LWEwMWUtYTFlY2RmOGRmYWYx&hl=en"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>Hunter's complaint</strong></span></a> is responsible for the making and maintenance of the Calvin cycle over the sixty years of its dominance.<br />
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Fong is authorized, under a statutory contract with the U.S. Treasury, see, <a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2010/02/rev-agt-robert-l-hunt-jrs-submissions.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>Rev. Agt. Hunt Jr.'s Submissions</strong></span></a>, to detect and bring to trial members of the bribery-conspiracy for <a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2009/12/pcdfs-purdue-calumet-development.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>PCDF's promotion of the Lawler tract</strong></span></a>, who come from different walks of life. The instant detection of <a href="http://unitedstatesvfong.blogspot.com/2009/12/nationwide-counsel-kyrouacs-knowledge.html"><strong><span style="color: orange;">the Calvin cycle</span></strong></a> as a tax-related conspiracy is specialized to members of the dark photosynthesis community taking advantage of <a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2009/12/pcdfs-purdue-calumet-development.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>PCDF's agreement with Melvin Calvin</strong></span></a> for making of the dark reaction carbon cycle, <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>NSF's Dark Photosynthesis Funding Scheme</strong></span></a>. <br />
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Of the practitioners of the Calvin cycle there are two categories: officers of the United States acting in connection with the internal revenue statutes and persons who are not employed by the United States.<br />
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The criminal tax statutes in Title 26 of the United States Code do not include a statute for the crime of conspiracy. Tax-related conspiracies are generally prosecuted under 18 U.S.C. § 371, the general conspiracy statute. Section 371 sets out two types of conspiracies. <strong><em>United States v. Helmsley</em></strong>, 941 F.2d 71, 90 (2d Cir. 1991), <em>cert. denied</em>, 112 S.Ct. 1162 (1992); <strong><em>United States v. Arch Trading Co</em></strong>., 987 F.2d 1087, 1091 (4th Cir. 1993). <br />
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Conspiring or agreeing to engage in conduct, which is prohibited by a substantive Title 26 offense, is a prosecutable offense under Section 371. <br />
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Section 371 may also be violated by conspiring or agreeing to defraud the United States, meaning, “primarily, to cheat the Government out of property or money,” and also, “interfere with or obstruct one of its lawful governmental functions by deceit, craft, or trickery, or at least by means that are dishonest.” <em><strong>Hammerschmidt v. United States</strong></em>, 265 U.S. 182, 188 (1924). <br />
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In addition to Section 371, for employees and officers of the United States, acting in connection with any revenue law of the United States, 26 U.S.C. § 7214(a)(4) contains a provision prohibiting conspiracy to defraud the United States. <em>See</em>, <strong><em>United States v. Eisenmann</em></strong>, 396 F.2d 565 (2d Cir. 1968). <br />
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In addition to a charge of murder, or conspiracy to commit murder in aid of <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWZTRiOGRlNWItZjYxMy00OThiLWIzN2EtNWI5NTZlNTFmZDYy&hl=en"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>Posner's order of the MacLauchlan contract</strong></span></a>, a felony, an offense by an individual or organization to cheat the Government out of property or money subjects the offender to the Criminal Fine Enforcement Act of 1984 (P.L. 98-596) enacted 18 U.S.C. § 3623. Where 18 U.S.C. § 3623 is applicable, which was changed to 18 U.S.C. § 3571, commencing 11-1-86, the maximum fine under 18 U.S.C. § 371, for felony offenses committed after 12-31-84, would be at least $250,000 for individuals and $500,000 for corporations. <br />
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Pertinent to the offenses committed in furtherance of <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/nsf-biophysics-program-director-martin.html"><span style="color: red;"><strong>the Calvin cycle</strong></span></a>, Fong contemplates the application of the alternative provision, 18 U.S.C. § 371 (d), as follows. If any person derives pecuniary gain from the offense, or if the offense results in a pecuniary loss to a person other than the defendant, may be fined not more than the greater of twice the gross gain or loss. <br />
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The offense in furtherance of the Calvin cycle is likely to result in pecuniary losses to the United States, or Fong, in excess of tens of billions of dollars.<br />
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Back to <a href="http://nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: red;"><strong>the Calvin Website</strong></span></a>.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12877068353808561816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7647826140700304496.post-35604050993794094842010-04-07T07:36:00.003-07:002014-08-13T16:15:09.841-07:00Fong's Demonstration of the Chlorophyll Water-Splitting Reaction : Kamen on Origins of the Calvin Cycle - Asilomar Meeting with Melvin Calvin<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>"I had no choice in the matter. You have a large following now. But unless you go along, 'they' can, and will, terminate your research." - Melvin Calvin's advice to the author Francis K. Fong on the establishment of the Calvin cycle, Asilomar CA, 1978. </b></div>
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<b>"You are a brave man to stir such a big pot all at once. I will be interested to see where the bodies will lie." -- Andrew A. Benson,</b> <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/10%20Benson%201981.gif"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Letter of 5-22-81</b></span></a><b> to Francis K. Fong; see, <a href="http://hydrogeneconomyfromphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/976-f2d-735-second-posner-order.html"><span style="color: orange;">Fischer's Public Letter</span></a>.</b></div>
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<b>"Dr. Siedow and his reviewers did not have fraud in mind [and] may have been negligent in that they did not read the original publications by Calvin et al as quoted by Dr. Fong in DCB 8822928." -- National Science Foundation's explantion of its flawed rejection of Fong's NSF Proposal No. 8822928 on NSF funding of photosynthesis research based on the Calvin cycle as a federal false claim. See, NSFfunding.com's <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: orange;">Synopsis site</span></a>. The explanation resulted in the murder of Don MacLauchlan, vice-president of Carbon Reduction, sponsor for DCB 8822928.</b></div>
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">Fong and Calvin's Discussion at Asilomar</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;">Francis K. Fong's discovery, in 1976-79, of the </span><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=5&sqi=2&ved=0CD0QFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fphotochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F04%2Fnsf-biophysics-program-director-martin.html&ei=W8WeTs6WB63jsQKzutDtCQ&usg=AFQjCNEjFs0kRTg7rfjyV2VhxkO1iuCaaQ"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: small;">water splitting reactions in photosynthesis</span></b></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: small;">, in vitro, using a single, red-light activated chlorophyll photosystem resulted in his DOE-sponsored meeting with the late Melvin Calvin at the Asilomar Conference in 1979. Here, the author recounts the day-long discussion, which closed with an explanation why Calvin cultimately abandoned his research on photosynthesis to focus on growth of sugarcane plants in Brazil. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #999999; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b>Fong, left, and Calvin discuss the Calvin cycle and </b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #999999; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b>red-</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #999999; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b>light </b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #999999; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b>Chl a </b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #999999; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b>carbon-reduction in meeting arranged by DOE</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b></b></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">This discovery was was motivated by yet another discovery, that of</span> <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/02/how-author-francis-k-fong-discovered.html"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;">Fong's uncovering</span></b></a><span style="font-family: inherit;">,</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">while in search of an undergraduate thesis topic in 1958-59, of the Calvin cycle attributed to Calvin.</span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;">The demonstration in vitro of red-light activated water splitting reactions using a single chlorophyll system is important. Proponents of the dark</span> <span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;">reactions in photosynthesis argue that a single chlorophyll photosystem does not support sufficient "emf at pH7" to split water and reduce carbon dioxide photochemically. The demonstration proves otherwise. Light energy is measured in electron volts, not emf's. The latter is a unit, a thermodynamic quantity, having nothing to do with photochemistry. Proponents of the Calvin cycle would have a Z scheme of two light reactions with sufficient emf's to produce NADPH (the reduced form of NADP+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) and stored chemical energy (of the "high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds" of ATP, adenosine triphosphate) for reducing, in the dark, carbon dioxide to the sugar oxidation level. </span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">Fong's uncovering of the Calvin cycle, the dark reactions in photosynthesis, is important. Calvin discovered, not the dark reactions, but the</span> </span><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/fong-corroborates-calvin.php"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;">reaction (L)</span></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="color: black;">- a reductive carboxylation reaction in <span style="font-family: inherit;">photosynthesis that occurs only in the light. The discussion at Asilomar focused on the question, why did Calvin keep silent all these years, when he received the Nobel Prize for <i>that</i> light reaction discovery and, then, allow the community to believe that he accepted the high honor for something as unreasonable as "dark photosynthesis"?</span></span></span></span></b></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj9sROkwQ6DFdmEtlWl8WoouWyjdJyc2ZektKf0TSv3CXoib2KiaPPjeLrQExWbc38D3mf89dDYlTwOy5SFLjX9bQEqvDf2Iib7QlpUKfrWdAlRK9AzLbLTPEZ6U5txbU1RdmVj06bbK0/s1600/Calvin+Benson+Fong+Bassham.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj9sROkwQ6DFdmEtlWl8WoouWyjdJyc2ZektKf0TSv3CXoib2KiaPPjeLrQExWbc38D3mf89dDYlTwOy5SFLjX9bQEqvDf2Iib7QlpUKfrWdAlRK9AzLbLTPEZ6U5txbU1RdmVj06bbK0/s320/Calvin+Benson+Fong+Bassham.jpg" height="320" width="268" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Fong's uncovering of the Calvin cycle: From left,</b><br />
<b><u><span style="color: orange;">Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson</span></u> (1954), the author </b><br />
<b>(1959) and J.A. Bassham. In his letter to Fong.</b><br />
Benson persisted in believing that carbon reduction<br />
is a dark reaction cycle: In 1954 he was<span style="color: orange;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_384461670"><span style="color: orange;"> <b>dismissed by</b></span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=calvin%27s%20nobel%20lecture&source=web&cd=9&sqi=2&ved=0CFMQFjAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2975057%2F&ei=SXauTvXMGo7qgAfEtMHjDw&usg=AFQjCNFdMkriiZS0ujQ5RYNZ6F3xMjQyLA"><b><span style="color: orange;">Calvin</span></b></a> from Berkeley's Radiation Lab. As a <br />
result he was unaware of the subsequent development<br />
of the reductive carbon reactions in photosynthesis.</td></tr>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Calvin's rejection of carbon fixation as a dark reaction in photosynthesis is well-documented. In the late 1940's Andrew Benson of his lab was a strong proponent of photosynthesis as a dark reaction cycle. See, e.g., Wikipedia's one and only reference to the original literature in its representation of the Calvin cycle:</span> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="reflist" id="cite_note-0" style="list-style-type: decimal; text-align: left;">
<span class="citation Journal">Bassham J, Benson A, Calvin M (1950). <a class="external text" href="http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/185/2/781.pdf" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: orange;">"The path of carbon in photosynthesis"</span></a>. <i>J Biol Chem</i> 185 (2): 781–7. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier"><span style="color: orange;">PMID</span></a><span style="color: orange;"> </span><a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14774424" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: orange;">14774424</span></a><span class="printonly"><span style="color: orange;">. </span><a class="external free" href="http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/185/2/781.pdf" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: orange;">http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/185/2/781.pdf</span></a></span>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In 1958-59, Fong <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/02/how-author-francis-k-fong-discovered.html"><span style="color: orange;">discovered</span></a> the Calvin cycle, the dark reactions in photosynthesis, in that it was contrary to the original papers by <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: orange;">Calvin et al from 1952 on</span></a><span style="color: orange;">.</span> At about that time, in the final paper of Calvin's series of C-14 tracer studies, </span><a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWMDBmN2YwMmYtMmY5Zi00OWNiLWFiZDgtYjJiYmNkZjU4YTRi&hl=en"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;">Calvin & Pon (1959)</span></a><span style="font-family: inherit;">, J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 54, Suppl. 1, at 65-67, Calven concluded that RuBisCO, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase, is possibly not the enzyme for the observed reductive splitting, reaction (L); that, in fact, "the reductive splitting of the intermediate carboxylation product might very well require a reducing system as yet unknown." </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Finally, a year later, <span style="font-family: inherit;">Bassham, J.A. and Kirk, M. (1960) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 43, 447-464</span> independently confirmed Calvin's finding of the photo-reductive carbon fixation reaction in photosynthesis. (For a review of Calvin's original papers on the Berkeley group's finding of the carbon-reduction light reaction, see, NSFfunding.com's <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/the-calvin-cycle.php"><span style="color: orange;">Calvin cycle page</span></a>.) </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Concluded Calvin in his Noble Lecture, Calvin, M. (1964) at 638:</span> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">"Here the intermediate is split by hydrolysis to two molecules of phosphoglyceric acid. However, in our earlier work the possibility of a reductive fission at the same point to give one molecule of triose and one molecule of phosphoglyceric acid was considered. It was rejected in favor of the hydrolytic splitting because of our failure to find any evidence of the intermediate. However, more recent, very careful kinetic analysis of the carbon flow rates by Dr. James A. Bassham has suggested that the reductive split may indeed participate in the reaction to some extent while the light is actually on."</span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">Accordingly, in </span><span style="font-size: small;">Calvin, M. (1964) at 639, Fig.20, Calvin ruled out the hydrolytic splitting in favor of an asymmetric reductive fission of the intermediate to yield one molecule of PGA and one molecule of PGL, glyceraldehyde phosphate, a triose. Calvin's reductive path of carbon is reproduced below.</span></span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Calvi's conclusion of the light carboxylation reaction in photosynthesis, Calvin, M. (1964) at Fig.20.</span></b></td></tr>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"><b>How and why, then, was the Calvin cycle established contrary to Calvin et al's finding of the light carboxylation reaction in photosynthesis?</b></span></div>
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<b>The extensive, day-long discussion proved uneventful, except that Calvin turned on </b><a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2009/12/pcdfs-purdue-calumet-development.html"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Purdue's formation of the PCDF,</b></span></a> <b>conceding that the questions as to Fong's discovery of the Calvin cycle were among the reasons for the Berkeley group's turning its research focus on the growth of sugarcane plants in Brazil. </b></div>
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<b>The Asilomar meeting concluded with what appeared to Fong was Calvin's expression of deep regret, when he mumbled with a soulful sigh, "I had no choice in the matter. You have a large following now. But unless you go along, 'they' can, and will, terminate your research." </b></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><b>Barbara J. Garrison Festschrift</b></span></div>
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For the NSF's explanation of a second-year university level biochemistry approach to understanding how the Calvin cycle was established contrary to Calvin et al's finding of the light carboxylation reaction in photosynthesis, please visit <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: orange;"><b>NSFfunding.com</b></span></a>.<br />
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On this post the author Francis K. Fong gives an account of his discussion with the late Melvin Calvin at the Asilomar conference on <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/02/how-author-francis-k-fong-discovered.html"><b><span style="color: orange;">Fong's discovery</span></b></a> of the Calvin cycle. That discussion led to Martin Kamen's recollections on how photosynthetic carbon fixation as a reaction in the dark came about in 1941. It is, of course, well-established in reputable journals that Calvin et al in their celebrated C-14 tracer work found the light carboxylation reaction in photosynthesis. For the story of how the Calvin cycle became established as a fraud, see Fong's 4-25-10 post, <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Cordova's Finding</b></span></a>, on this blog. <br />
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Here, Fong corroborates Purdue University President France Cordova's finding unraveling his <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/02/how-author-francis-k-fong-discovered.html"><span style="color: orange;"><b>discovery</b></span></a> in 1958-59 of <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2009/12/calvin-cycle.html"><span style="color: orange;"><b>the Calvin cycle</b></span></a>, the dark reaction in photosynthesis. The story of that discovery picks up 20 years later at NSF Biophysics Program Director Martin Schweizer's invitation for Fong to submit a workshop proposal. The need existed to assess the meaning of the dark reaction cycle in light of the 1976-79 experiments described below. A meeting involving Fong and Calvin took place as a result at the Asilomar Conference sponsored by the Energy Department. <br />
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Journal of Physical Chemistry C Barbara J. Garrison Festschrift </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">April 1, 2010, Volum 114, Number 12 (Click here for </span></b><a href="https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWNzYyN2RkZDMtYTQ1MC00M2Q0LWEwNzctMTI4MDUxMzkzOWEw&hl=en"><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-small;"><b>Larger Size</b></span></a><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">).</span></b></div>
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Thirty more years elapsed. Then, but for a serendipitous occurrence, an unrelated decision of the editors of the Journal of Physical Chemistry C, nothing noteworthy of the Asilomar meeting would have survived the ravage of time. The JPC C editors' decision was to publish, in the spring of 2010, a special issue in honor of Barbara J. Garrison. As it turned out <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><span style="color: orange;"><b>that decision led</b></span></a> to Fong's reconstructing, with the help of John Grutzner and Purdue President France Cordova, the years of discovery, 1974-1979, which overlapped Garrison's tenure at Purdue. That reconstruction was heightened by <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWYjNiY2Q4ZTktOTUzYi00MGI3LTk1YWEtNGEzYWZjNmFkMTc5&hl=en"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Cordova's finding of 2-1-10</b></span></a>, prompting Fong to <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><span style="color: orange;"><b>contemplate a determination</b></span></a> whether that finding is tantamount to a conclusion that NSF funding based on the Calvin cycle was a result of the patterned activity <a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2009/12/pcdfs-purdue-calumet-development.html"><span style="color: orange;"><b>disclosed</b></span></a> by Beering. <br />
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">Fong's Water-Splitting and Carbon-Reduction Reactions</span></b></div>
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In 1976-79 Fong and co-workers demonstrated the chlorophyll photochemical reactionss in vitro(1-3) in corroboration of Wilson and Calvin’s observation in vivo (1955),(4) in support of a reductive carboxylation reaction in photosynthesis, in which the carbon is directly reduced in the light to the sugar level, contrary to Bassham et al's suggestion of a reaction cycle in which the carbon is not reduced.(5) </div>
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<a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/0%201976.jpg"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b>Nick Winograd and Francis K. Fong</b></span></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">The 1976 photogalvanic experiment</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">(For a recent photo, </span></b><a href="http://photos-e.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc1/hs257.snc1/10433_101187603236237_100000349921097_32705_5116410_n.jpg"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b>click here</b></span></a><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">.)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">(1) "In Vitro Solar Conversion after the Primary Light Reaction in Photosynthesis. Reversible Photogalvanic Effects of Chlorophyll-Quinhydrone Half-Cell Reactions," </span><a href="http://nxw.chem.psu.edu/nxw/pdf%5C28.pdf"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;">Fong, Francis K. and Winograd, Nicolas (1976)</span></b></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> J. Am. Chem. Soc., 98, 2287. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(2) *"The Primary Water Splitting Light Reaction. Mass Spectrometric Determination of Gaseous Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution from Water Photolysis by Platinized Chlorophyll a Dihydrate Polycrystals," </span><a href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja00479a050"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Fong, Francis K. and Galloway, Lory (1978</span></b>)</span></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> J. Am. Chem. Soc., 100, 3594-3596.</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(3) *<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="goog_qs-tidbit goog_qs-tidbit-0">“Photosynthesis of Polyatomic Organic Molecules from Carbon Dioxide and Water by Photocatalytic Action of</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: black;"> Visible Light-Illuminated, Platinized Chlorophyll a Dihydrate Polycrystals," </span></span>Fruge, Daniel R., Fong, G.D., and Fong, Francis K. (1979) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 101, 3694-3697. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(4) Wilson, A.T. and Calvin, M. (1955) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 77, 5948-5057. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(5) Bassham, J.A., Benson, A.A., Kay, L.D., Harris, A.Z., Wilson, A.T., and Calvin, M. (1954) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76, 1760-1770.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">The 1978 water-splitting reaction</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Showing the red photoreactivity</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">of the </span></b><a href="http://nxw.chem.psu.edu/nxw/pdf%5C43.pdf"><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-small;"><b>chlrophyll a dihydrate</b></span></a>.</div>
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In 1981 the NSF published in <i>Mosaic</i> <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/NSF%20Mosaic%20Article.gif"><span style="color: orange;"><b>a story</b></span></a> on Fong’s finding on the photosynthetic water splitting reaction. The premise was, "others who have tried" were unable to produce the results reported by Fong. Shocked by its implications, Purdue University conducted an extensive investigation. In 1986, the <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/1%20yackel%203-3-86.gif"><span style="color: orange;"><b>University administration</b></span></a> acknowledged an NSF site visit team's finding that Fong, indeed, was the first to have <a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981aes.....8.3477F"><span style="color: orange;"><b>demonstrated</b></span></a> in vitro the <a href="http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=navclient&aq=0h&oq=&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1T4ADBF_enUS311US312&q=chlorophyll+water+splitting"><span style="color: orange;"><b>chlorophyll water splitting</b></span></a>. The recognition resulted in the formulation of the Fong-Butcher model, which Beering, in sworn testimony, vouched for as “<a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/Beering%20testimony%20on%20Fong%27s%20correctness.jpg"><span style="color: orange;"><b>correct ***, upheld and indeed any questions *** removed</b></span></a>.” Beering is Chair of National Science Board (NSF) overseeing NSF's operations.<br />
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Significantly, all Fong's theoretical and experimental work at Purdue and NSFfunding.com corroborated Calvin and co-workers' C-14 tracer studies. Those studies are all but forgotten on account of the Calvin cycle, notwithstanding Beering's sworn testimony backed by the Estonian group <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC32218/"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Eichelmann and Laisk (1999)</b></span></a>, who explained the results reported by <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC32218/#B29"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Laisk et al (1987)</b></span></a> in terms of <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3337720"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Fong and Butcher (1988)</b></span></a>. Laisk's group is a bedrock of the dark photosynthesis research community.<br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><b>Gathering of 1978 : Kamen on Origins of Dark Photosynthesis</b></span></div>
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To celebrate the occasion of Fong's finding of the chlorophyll water-splitting reaction, <a href="http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/imagenes/med-sci-MartinKamen.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-science-martinkamen.php&h=177&w=183&sz=12&tbnid=l4OQpJA_Zsvw0M:&tbnh=99&tbnw=102&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmartin%2Bkamen&usg=__zbos1tpvVfsLLI5Jws-k9Cu8lnk=&ei=PEDGS-73OY-INoz9pZUO&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=4&ct=image&ved=0CDAQ9QEwAw"><span style="color: orange;">Martin Kamen</span></a>, co-discoverer (1940) of the <a href="http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v59/i4/p349_1"><span style="color: orange;"><b>long-lived carbon isotope</b></span></a> 14C that enabled the tracer studies at Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (LRL), <a href="http://www.purdue.edu/UNS/html3month/2006/061201HaasBldgded.html"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Felix Haas</b></span></a>, Purdue School of Science Dean (later Provost), and Nobel Laureate <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1979/brown-autobio.html"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Herbert C. Brown</b></span></a> celebrated Fong's 40th birthday. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGVtR8sX1IHXFMRJTJhceFS_OKWkPk39srpjsXjU0s9UeSwPeT5731DIq-Z26F2xETa1xGk-UkRHkk3K0p6k-puj_fTIPCH7KTAnu9On3vNfc9c7EE12RWJP8laFxZnESsSF-Uz43fV0s/s1600/med-sci-MartinKamen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGVtR8sX1IHXFMRJTJhceFS_OKWkPk39srpjsXjU0s9UeSwPeT5731DIq-Z26F2xETa1xGk-UkRHkk3K0p6k-puj_fTIPCH7KTAnu9On3vNfc9c7EE12RWJP8laFxZnESsSF-Uz43fV0s/s1600/med-sci-MartinKamen.jpg" /></a>During dinner, Kamen recounted the accidental death (1943) by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosgene"><span style="color: orange;"><b>phosgene</b></span></a> poisoning of Sam Ruben, who during the war years worked on elucidating the deadly properties of phosgene samples 11C-enriched by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Benson"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Andrew Benson</b></span></a>. In collaboration with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._B._van_Niel"><span style="color: orange;"><b>C. B. van Niel</b></span></a> of Stanford University, Ruben and Kamen pioneered the concept that reduction of CO2 in green plants could occur in the dark, in a process akin to <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/28/1/8.full.pdf"><span style="color: orange;"><b>bacterial (non-chlorophyllous) systems</b></span></a>. Dark plant photosynthesis was born. <br />
Referring to Ruben’s genius and LRL workers’ finding after his death of the photoreductive path of carbon,4 Kamen said: “Had Sam lived, he would have reached the conclusions you have. Take care of yourself; we need you to make your [chlorophyll water-splitting] discoveries count.” <br />
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">Gathering of 2008</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/70th%20b-day%20dinner%201.jpg?timestamp=1255612942704" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/70th%20b-day%20dinner%201.jpg?timestamp=1255612942704" height="211" width="320" wt="true" /></a><span style="color: black;">On August 2, 2008, Fong, his wife, Margareta, and their friends, <a href="http://www.chem.purdue.edu/grutzner/homepage.html"><span style="color: orange;"><b>John Grutzner</b></span></a>, <a href="http://www.unl.edu/ncmn/faculty/diestler.shtml"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Dennis Diestler</b></span></a>, <a href="http://www.chem.psu.edu/faculty/bjg"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Barbara Garrison</b></span></a>, Jocelyn Grutzner and <a href="http://live.psu.edu/image/15896"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Nick Winograd</b></span></a>, gathered in Pittsburgh for a weekend of celebrations of Fong's 70th birthday, which douled for the 30th anniversary of the chlorophyll water splitting reaction. </span></div>
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</span><span style="color: black;">On 12-21-09, Leo Zhigilei, Winograd's co-editor for an upcoming special issue of the Journal of Physical Chemistry C in honor of Garrison, wrote Fong a letter. The editors were working on a biosketch of Garrison for this issue. Would Fong be willing to write something about her tenure at Purdue?</span><br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><b>Winograd's Chlorophyll Photogalvanic Reaction : The Asilomar Meeting with Melvin Calvin on the Calvin Cycle</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjehTl1ZLnSUVkhZYLwDfwLrHFlVDlTuMU3JoqxB1SVJKKOR1cJZNmmcfvW7ii0b9Nt8kJCAF4T2U8XKxvabINMC-_XLZmMSycvdqe6GvrR2mpBzLiYhyphenhyphengNKdU8s_-IDm5klKwthNk3ePg/s1600/image_normal%5B1%5D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjehTl1ZLnSUVkhZYLwDfwLrHFlVDlTuMU3JoqxB1SVJKKOR1cJZNmmcfvW7ii0b9Nt8kJCAF4T2U8XKxvabINMC-_XLZmMSycvdqe6GvrR2mpBzLiYhyphenhyphengNKdU8s_-IDm5klKwthNk3ePg/s200/image_normal%5B1%5D.jpg" height="200" tt="true" width="173" /></a><span style="color: black;"><b><i>The Asilomar meeting with Calvin</i></b>. Garrison's tenure at Purdue spanned the years of discovery, 1975-1979. Fong's vague memories of them were as follows. They were a stormy period for Purdue's chemistry department. In or about 1977 Martin Schweizer, NSF Biophysics Program Director, invited Fong to give a lecture at NSF on Nick Winograd's demonstration of the <a href="http://nxw.chem.psu.edu/nxw/pdf%5C43.pdf"><span style="color: orange;"><b>chlorophyll a dihydrate</b></span></a> photogalvanic effect, which was later shown to be a manifestation of the water-splitting reaction. Schweizer asked Fong to submit a workshop proposal to advise NSF on its standard for funding dark photosynthesis research. </span><br />
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<span style="color: black;">At about the same time, Energy (DOE) Deputy Energy Research Director Doug Pewitt sent Fong to observe Lawrence Radiation Laboratory workers at Asilomar, California. </span>There Fong visited with Calvin, then head of LRL Chemical Biodynamics. Given that Calvin and Fong both knew photosynthetic carbon reduction, in vitro or in vivo, was neither dark nor cyclic, they discussed the origins of the dark photosynthesis reaction cycle. <span style="color: black;">The discussion led to Calvin's explanation of LRL’s switch from researching the chlorophyll water-splitting to the growth of banana trees, turning on <a href="http://nsfdarkphotosynthesisfundingstandard.blogspot.com/2009/12/pcdfs-purdue-calumet-development.html"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Purdue's formation of the PCDF</b></span></a> for him to establish the Calvin cycle.</span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><b>Calvin concluded the meeting at Asilomar with the warning: "I had no choice in the matter. You have a large following now. But unless you go along, 'they' can, and will, terminate your research."</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><b><i>Zhigilei's inquiry</i></b>. At the time of the Asilomar meeting, Fong was charged with building the national standing of the physical chemistry division. In that capacity he became engaged in many discussions involving Purdue's administrative ranks, when Penn State made strong bids to hire Garrison and Winograd away from Purdue. Zhigilei's inquiry provided the occasion to reconstruct those early years. What happened then resulted not only in Garrison and Winograd's departure for Penn State, but also the turnovers in Purdue's administration in the decades which followed.</span> </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNN2Wqeoj2pVlocKvzjaDBiGy7O32hFqcGNGX5RKyD1qlp9U1FOU7Davo97FYmS1TbcAuofzbh83UaYKoSw_kI8QE1k-biRuMT2V4z44BIwAQ6L3LZuli5dUdJe2gY7o_3d6uIjjVzoG4/s1600/Grutzner,%2520John%5B1%5D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNN2Wqeoj2pVlocKvzjaDBiGy7O32hFqcGNGX5RKyD1qlp9U1FOU7Davo97FYmS1TbcAuofzbh83UaYKoSw_kI8QE1k-biRuMT2V4z44BIwAQ6L3LZuli5dUdJe2gY7o_3d6uIjjVzoG4/s200/Grutzner,%2520John%5B1%5D.jpg" height="200" tt="true" width="176" /></a><span style="color: black;">Fong responded favorably to Zhigilei's inquiry, after he was assured of Grutzner's assistance to document the causative factors underlying the transitions in Purdue's administration. In early January of 2010, Grutzner emailed a pdf file of the 1959 paper by <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWMDBmN2YwMmYtMmY5Zi00OWNiLWFiZDgtYjJiYmNkZjU4YTRi&hl=en"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Calvin and Pon (1959)</b></span></a>, in which Calvin summarized Berkeley Lawrence Radiation Laboratory workers' finding of the photoreductive carboxylation reaction. Grutzner's communication of Calvin and Pon was the catalyst for bringing about Cordova's finding. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">On 1-15-10, Fong submitted two versions of his "Tribute to Barbara Garrison." Realizing that Zhigilei requested a "short story," Fong reproduces <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWZWU1ZjllMTEtMzIyNy00ZDkzLThmMGUtOWYzNTA4OThkZDI5&hl=en"><span style="color: orange;"><b>here</b></span></a>, in its entirety, the longer version <a href="https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWM2YwMWZlNzQtYWFjZS00YjBhLWIwNzctNjg3ZTE1MjVhZDFm&hl=en"><span style="color: orange;"><b>reviewed</b></span></a> by Winograd, in which Fong described in detail the devastating effects of Calvin-Pon on Purdue's chemistry department. In the parts relevant to this webpage, Fong wrote:</span> </div>
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<span style="color: black;">"I went over with Calvin [in the <span style="color: orange;"><b>Asilomar meeting</b></span>] a literature survey of dark photosynthesis research. In 1941, Ruben and Kamen (Berkeley) in collaboration with van Niel (Stanford) advanced the concept that reduction of CO2 in plants could occur in the dark, in a process akin to bacterial (non-chlorophyllous) systems. In 1954, dark photosynthesis, or reductive carboxylation in the dark, was thought to have been experimentally established by Calvin et al as a cyclic reaction. Even so, as early as 1952, Calvin and Massini proposed a possible mode of photoreductive carboxylation, when they first recognized the carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP); thereafter, from 1955 on, Calvin et al's 14C-tracer studies yielded but one result, that carbon reduction in vivo is neither dark nor cyclic. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">"'Why, then, did you go on to accept the 1961 Nobel Prize for the dark carbon reduction cycle?' I asked. Calvin’s response was shocking; he said something like, 'I accepted the Nobel Prize to honor <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWOTZiYTI0YzMtNzRkMS00MmM1LWE5MmEtNjQzNmM3YTgzZDA0&hl=en"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Purdue’s 1955 news release</b></span></a>, reporting that I demonstrated in vitro the dark reaction cycle contrary to what we reported in Wilson and Calvin (1955). In all my papers from Wilson on I told the truth. I told the truth in the Calvin-Pon paper of 1959.' So Calvin told the truth in his papers, but received the Nobel Prize on an untruth distributed by Purdue? </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">"[***] The Purdue management ranks were in disarray as a result of Calvin’s input of Purdue chemistry’s release of the incorrect 1955 Chem. Eng. News story. Armed with that story, I dug up the Calvin-Pon article and confronted the then chemistry department head with it. Calvin-Pon was Calvin’s final experimental paper on the subject of reductive carboxylation. In it, he truthfully reported that, 'by more-precise measurements of the rate of approach to C-14 saturation of the pools of PGA and ribulose diphosphate (RuBP) in algae and in a more nearly true steady state of photosynthesis than has heretofore been achieved,' LBL workers obtained 'the best evidence' of their conclusion dating from Calvin and Massini (1952) that reductive carboxylation occurs in the light, a non-cyclic reaction, in which CO2 uptake (by the RuBP) results in reduction of one half of the 6-carbon adduct directly to the sugar level. Calvin and Pon concluded that the observed reductive splitting 'might very well require a reducing system as yet unknown.'</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">"The department head, who happened to be the person responsible for distributing the <a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWOTZiYTI0YzMtNzRkMS00MmM1LWE5MmEtNjQzNmM3YTgzZDA0&hl=en"><span style="color: orange;"><b>1995 Chem. Eng. News story</b></span></a>, was single-handedly responsible for misleading the government in funding dark photosynthesis and was, therefore, unable to support Martin Schweizer’s request for me to submit a workshop proposal."</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><b>The conclusion was shocking. The Calvin cycle, <span style="color: black;">the dark reaction cycle in photosynthesis, had nothing to do with photosynthesis</span>!</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">Diestler's Reactive-Complex Theory</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVVOHirqZEqm33pwGR3LGnFmt2OfxoX-oFOcvAai9rN4jqNpMCJhDr3bWGllIP5ZP3sPJbBPxlkHfMoQqv6p5KDKVcxd88JmYf3sxr-4CZ78zNauAZpIRxphOgw1-E9jeHjgYe6a3SVUI/s1600/Diestler2%5B1%5D.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVVOHirqZEqm33pwGR3LGnFmt2OfxoX-oFOcvAai9rN4jqNpMCJhDr3bWGllIP5ZP3sPJbBPxlkHfMoQqv6p5KDKVcxd88JmYf3sxr-4CZ78zNauAZpIRxphOgw1-E9jeHjgYe6a3SVUI/s200/Diestler2%5B1%5D.png" height="200" tt="true" width="147" /></a></div>
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In the winter of 1975-76, Fong published a review on the collaborative development by Diestler, Karl Freed (The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago) and himself of a quantum statistical mechanical (QSM) approach as a successor to the transition-state theory. Shortly thereafter, Garrison and Diestler used the Montroll-Shuler model for the kinetics of diatomic molecular dissociation adapted to thermal desorption of gases from solid surfaces, again in comparison with that predicted by transition-state theory. In the course of this research, Garrison and Fong developed a close relationship discussing their respective approaches to chemical rate theory. Fong may have provided her with the kind of feedback and support lacking from her productive but otherwise turbulent postdoctoral experience. At the same time, during their many informal discussions, Garrison made insightful suggestions that led Diestler and Fong to invoke the Born-Oppenheimer adiabatic approximation to formulate a nonequilibrium theory of chemical rate processes in condensed media. In this theory, the photo-excitation of a “reactive complex” may result in either deactivation to the ground state or reaction to yield the primary photochemical products—a model for the primary photochemical reaction in chlorophyll photosynthesis, which eventually developed into the <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj03hNSWEG5NlEw-ntPX2Gmmx0luMUE7fdHCGfvI_K-6GkH1YHMttz4mUzjGm73-oJFDstewPuUT08Z4fPWCbz1L5x2VimmnrZ74SimBWpJ781D_mBr23mBrtYaH6P-OeTZs-y-4jJL7x8/s1600-h/carbon+path1.jpg">Fong-Butcher model</a> for photoreductive carboxylation in photosynthesis. </div>
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Back to <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><b><span style="color: red;">NSFfunding.com's Home Page</span></b></a>.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12877068353808561816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7647826140700304496.post-72731445390913507162010-02-08T18:11:00.000-08:002012-04-21T07:47:37.623-07:00Fong Discovered the Calvin Cycle: Molecular Model of Photosynthesis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><strong>Foreword</strong></span></div>
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This post records the author Francis K. Fong's finding of the Calvin cycle, or dark reactions in photosynthesis, as a federal tax conspiracy. It is the subject of an investigation reported on <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><strong><span style="color: blue;">NSFfunding.com's Website</span></strong></a> enabled by the corroboration of Steve C. Beering, former Purdue president and former chairman of the National Science Board. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgslmOj2SJo0Hkv7-xZQojZOe6y_rrJUwOROsIOzPu-mhzkUpKmmY1wmY4K6zhrHTfsWK0o3Gf1JVHpkIJODIA-izzwstPi67bjfTGZ9i8CPcB1cez87lp5ZX1LK-1domPjvYOQ6RE7KK0/s1600/Beering+confesses+Margerum%2527s+news+account.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgslmOj2SJo0Hkv7-xZQojZOe6y_rrJUwOROsIOzPu-mhzkUpKmmY1wmY4K6zhrHTfsWK0o3Gf1JVHpkIJODIA-izzwstPi67bjfTGZ9i8CPcB1cez87lp5ZX1LK-1domPjvYOQ6RE7KK0/s320/Beering+confesses+Margerum%2527s+news+account.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Fig.A. Beering [pictured, center] corroborated [right]</strong><br />
<strong>that the Calvin cycle is a financially motivated fraud,</strong><br />
<strong>enabled by Purdue's news release published in</strong><br />
<strong><em>Chem. & Eng. News </em>33, 2809 (July 4, 1955) [left]</strong> </td></tr>
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On May 15, 1995, Beering wrote, Fig.A right:<br />
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"In 1951. Purdue Trustees through Roger Branigin acquired the Lawler tract with federal reimbursement funds paid to Purdue Research Foundation, ("PRF") and improved it with additional federal funding obtained upon Purdue's news release of July 1959 (sic 1955), contrary to fact, that the federally funded Lawrence Radiation Laboratory had demonstrated, in vitro, the dark photosynthetic cycle. [See, Fig.A left] Meanwhile, the Trustees built Purdue's Calumet Extension Center on Woodmar Realty land purchased in bankruptcy proceedings presided over by 7th Circuit Judge Swygert, and incorporated Purdue-Calumet Development Foundation ("PCDF")."</blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkbybo5SGzCvVaGWcrDhra3i-jY4u377patplYmS0jUWxZjbMADRyG70JkQZOxIr6B6NZmmllr4eS8aHqElxjZ5VgJfJgK7deVJWjtC07_7gCIf6r0ophOJFo5FCtt5gUupskVEyjdg30/s1600/JACS+and+Chem+Eng.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkbybo5SGzCvVaGWcrDhra3i-jY4u377patplYmS0jUWxZjbMADRyG70JkQZOxIr6B6NZmmllr4eS8aHqElxjZ5VgJfJgK7deVJWjtC07_7gCIf6r0ophOJFo5FCtt5gUupskVEyjdg30/s320/JACS+and+Chem+Eng.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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<strong>Fig.B. Comparision in support of Beering's </strong><strong>corroboration </strong><br />
<strong>that the news story, left, for </strong><strong>establishing the </strong><strong>dark cycle, </strong><br />
<strong>reaction (D), left, is </strong><strong>contrary to Calvin's </strong><strong>original papers on the </strong><br />
<strong>Berkeley group's </strong><strong>experimental </strong><strong>proof of reaction (L), right</strong>.</td></tr>
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For a detailed report on Beering's corroboration of the financial impetus for establishing the Calvin cycle, see, the <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/12/senator-lugars-connections-to-chicago.html"><span style="color: blue;"><strong>December 13, 2011 post</strong></span></a> on the origins of the Calvin cycle. <br />
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A proof, that the Calvin cycle resulted from the news release issued by Purdue contrary to the original papers published by Calvin, is shown in Fig.B, in which the news report on Calvin's in vitro demonstration of reaction (D), <em>Chem. & Eng. News</em> (July 4, 1955), is compared with Calvin's original papers on the Berkeley group's finding of the reaction (L), <strong>Wilson, A.T. and Calvin, M. (1955)</strong> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 5948-5957, providing experimental proof of <strong>Calvin, M. and Massini, P. (1952)</strong> Experientia 8, 445-484, in which Calvin first proposed that photosynthetic carbon fixation is a light reaction. <br />
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<strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Calvin cycle, dark reactions in sunlight</span></strong></div>
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The title of this post, "Francis K. Fong Discovered the Calvin cycle," is not a mistake. Fong, not Melvin Calvin, discovered the Calvin cycle, or the dark photosynthetic reactions. <br />
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The Calvin cycle was the result of a <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><strong><span style="color: red;">work of fiction</span></strong></a> on which Calvin based his representation of "the photosynthetic carbon cycle" in his <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1961/calvin-lecture.pdf"><strong><span style="color: red;">Nobel Lecture</span></strong></a> at Fig.18, the <strong><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/the-calvin-cycle.php"><span style="color: blue;">reaction (D)</span></a></strong>. Although Fig.18 was rejected by Calvin in the same Nobel Lecture, at Fig.20, in favor of the Berkeley group's finding of the reductive carboxylation reaction, <strong><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/fong-corroborates-calvin.php"><span style="color: blue;">reaction (L)</span></a></strong>, it was <strong><span style="color: black;">reaction (D)</span></strong> that became adopted by the community as tried and true. This<span style="color: black;"> <strong>reaction (D)</strong></span> became known as the Calvin cycle, as reproduced in Fig.1 below. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT9KjPKqhN78LCTalx3iM2Rn3o0o5FUtvHD2wKV3Z-QFNMEb0MjARwUDuWVF2v4Xoc1CZveRla99CqUwhtquY9JOFrXURv8CCz95lwZp5Ue7TSwsojRVHU4zGBCg2PD9KJ0c2pMueP_vk/s1600/Calvin%2527s+Nobel+Lecture+Fig.+18.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT9KjPKqhN78LCTalx3iM2Rn3o0o5FUtvHD2wKV3Z-QFNMEb0MjARwUDuWVF2v4Xoc1CZveRla99CqUwhtquY9JOFrXURv8CCz95lwZp5Ue7TSwsojRVHU4zGBCg2PD9KJ0c2pMueP_vk/s320/Calvin%2527s+Nobel+Lecture+Fig.+18.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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<strong>Fig.1. Calvin's representation in his Nobel Lecture of the </strong><br />
<strong>"photosynthetic carbon cycle" based on a work of fiction.</strong></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><strong>Fong discovers the Calvin cycle</strong></span></div>
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More than half a century ago, during 1958-59, Fong uncovered the photosynthetic dark reactions. He discovered that Mother Nature did plant photosynthesis in the light in the dark. He developed a consuming interest in unraveling this curious phenomenon. <br />
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At that time, he studied under <a href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-1983-0222.ch004"><strong><span style="color: red;">Sir Hugh Taylor</span></strong></a> as an undergraduate chemistry major at <a href="http://www.princeton.edu/main/"><strong><span style="color: red;">Princeton University</span></strong></a>. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7eqqSA36Dlj3uliEppSVPS0zTw46pR5RTqBSLQPIuXbtqodYreOdPneEA6pANVL_pe60g0-1_ivLITOweLqK2lY6CvLJPRO71op_GZjw9UhrlykvpBmT0-vLr2gEA3_yHoRSKxZOxRyc/s1600/Francis++K_+Fong+and+Melvin+Calvin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7eqqSA36Dlj3uliEppSVPS0zTw46pR5RTqBSLQPIuXbtqodYreOdPneEA6pANVL_pe60g0-1_ivLITOweLqK2lY6CvLJPRO71op_GZjw9UhrlykvpBmT0-vLr2gEA3_yHoRSKxZOxRyc/s400/Francis++K_+Fong+and+Melvin+Calvin.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<strong>Fig.2. Francis K. Fong aged 20, left, in search of an undergraduate thesis topic in 1958-59, </strong><br />
<strong>discovered the Calvin cycle attributed to Nobel Laureate Melvin Calvin.</strong></td></tr>
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For his undergraduate thesis, Fong pored over the chemical literature for a topic. He was captured by the possibilities of the Centenary Lecture delivered on October 28, 1955 by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Calvin"><strong><span style="color: red;">Melvin Calvin</span></strong></a> before the Chemical Society (London). (See banner image atop the <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><strong><span style="color: red;">Calvin Cycle Website</span></strong></a>.) The lecture was entitled "The Photosynthetic Carbon Cycle," nature's secret for taking up (fixing) carbon dioxide and, then, reducing it to organic matter with water, energized by stored energy from the sun - all of this in the dark without the help of sunlight. <br />
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Photosynthesis, the combination of <span style="font-family: inherit;">H<span style="font-size: small;"><sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub></span></span> to yield sugar and molecular oxygen, is arguably the most important reaction in the study of chemistry. It provides the sustenance of all life on earth; but it had remained an unsolved mystery up to and until 1955, when Calvin by his lecture promised to the world that mankind penetrated this mystery. <br />
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In 1958, when he first read, and then pursued, Calvin's remarkable accomplishment, Fong was 20, a junior. He was unprepared for the shocking finding, as he delved into Calvin's unraveling of nature's great mystery. What Calvin called the photosynthetic cycle had apparently originated from a single news story in 1955, that Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (LRL) [Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL)] workers "performed,"(a) "by a separate collection of soluble chemicals,"(b) all of the reaction steps in the dark photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle: <br />
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(a) <em>Chem. & Eng. News</em>. 33, 2809 (July 4, 1955). </blockquote>
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(b) <strong>Calvin, M. (1956)</strong> J. Chem. Soc., 1956, 1895-1915. </blockquote>
Article (b) was Calvin’s speech before the Chemical Society based on the newspaper article (a), which was released by Purdue <em>after</em> <a href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja01627a050"><strong><span style="color: red;">Wilson and Calvin (1955)</span></strong></a> reported Berkeley workers' findings to the contrary. Fong continued searching for proof of Calvin's claims, but no such proof existed. But for the news item published in the July 1955 issue of <em>Chem. & Eng. News</em>, all Calvin's own original papers would seem to contradict his proclamations. Carbon reduction in photosynthesis was neither dark nor cyclic! <br />
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Unschooled in how scientific research was processed through the media to reach the public, Fong attributed his curious finding to his lack of knowledge as to how important research was reported. There exists a strange fascination in us to <em>want</em> nature to operate in an unfathomable, mysterious way. Mother Nature does chlorophyll photosynthesis in sunlight in the dark! Or is it possible that Mother Nature has nothing to do with it? In the 1940's, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._B._van_Niel"><strong><span style="color: #cc0000;">C.B. van Niel</span></strong></a> of Stanford University and Berkeley's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Kamen"><strong><span style="color: red;">Martin Kamen</span></strong></a> and <a href="http://www.life.illinois.edu/govindjee/Part3/9_Gest_On_Ruben.pdf"><strong><span style="color: red;">Sam Ruben</span></strong></a> had pioneered the concept of reduction in green plants as a dark reaction, in a process akin to <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/28/1/8.full.pdf"><strong><span style="color: red;">bacterial (non-chlorophyllous) systems</span></strong></a>. Dark chlorophyll photosynthesis was born, summarily dismissing the century-old photochemical theory of carbon reduction in photosynthesis by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer"><strong><span style="color: red;">Adolf von Baeyer</span></strong></a>. <br />
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Fong was unable to rationalize why Calvin would publish his finding of the photoreductive path of carbon in plant photosynthesis in reputable journals and, then, rely on a newspaper story to claim his dark cyclic reaction. As a result, Fong chose another subject, also one of topical interest in the late 1950's, for his senior thesis. He entitled his thesis, "<em>The ABC of Nuclear Fusion</em>."<br />
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In the spring of 1959, Fong won the Sayre Fellowship for a graduating senior to enter Princeton's graduate program in chemistry. He joined <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Ragu%C3%A9_Schleyer"><strong><span style="color: red;">Paul von Schleyer</span></strong></a>'s group to do research in physical organic chemistry. Photosynthesis involves complex organic reactions; to understand why photosynthetic carbon reduction was a dark cyclic reaction, he would first need to master the principles of physical organic chemistry. <br />
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Two things happened during Fong's second year in graduate school that would prove eventful in shaping his education as a physical chemist. Early in 1961, on a snowy day, he climbed a window into Clio Hall, Princeton's music department, to do a "rehearsal practice" of Beethoven's C-Minor Third Piano Concerto. Challenged by the <em>forte</em> solo part following the third orchestral tutti passage of the <em>Alegro con brio</em> First Movement, he forgot an aldo condensation experiment he left unattended in Schleyer's lab. When he returned, Schleyer was waiting. Above him were Fong's exploded condensation products splattered onto the the 20-foot high ceiling of Frick Hall. A music lover himself, Schleyer the thesis advisor said something direct but true, sufficiently stern in the delivery that Fong got the message to change his Ph.D. thesis advisor to study under Charles P. Smyth. He completed his dissertation on the dielectric relaxation of polar molecules in organic solvents. Schleyer and Fong remain on the best of terms through the years, but the switch was instrumental in Fong's later work on photosynthesis research using the<a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/the-calvin-cycle.php"> <strong><span style="color: #cc0000;">quantum statistical mechanical approach to molecular relaxation</span></strong></a>. Not long after the exploded experiment, also in 1961, Calvin won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the dark reaction cycle in photosynthesis. <br />
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There was euphoria in the air. By Calvin's Nobel Prize, there would be factories the world over for manufacturing all kinds of organic compounds from the free, inexhaustible sources: sunlight, water from the oceans and carbon dioxide in the air. Calvin by his lecture did change the world in a most profound manner, including this author's - but not in the way he promised by his lecture in October of 1955.<br />
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Calvin and Fong - lives in parallel</span></strong><br />
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The development of the Calvin cycle bore an eerie parallel to Fong's school days and professional life long before 1961, when Calvin received the Nobel Prize and Fong exploded his aldo condensation.<br />
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Before Fong knew the meaning of the word, "chemistry," through<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> the 1940's, Calvin, James Bassham and Andrew Benson proposed that photosynthesis was a dark reaction cycle. See, e.g., </span><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=the%20calvin%20cycle&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCalvin_cycle&ei=tdKuTq25CamCsgKUvvz5Dg&usg=AFQjCNFXYMekV5aaGTSqeUrBk-dxvzTwIg"><strong><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Wikipedia</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">'s one and only reference to the original literature for its Calvin cycle page:</span></span> </span></span></span><br />
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Bassham J, Benson A, Calvin M (1950). "<a class="external text" href="http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/185/2/781.pdf" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: orange;"><strong><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: red;">The path of</span> <span style="color: red;">carbon in photosynthesis</span></span></strong></span></a><span style="font-family: inherit;">." <i>J Biol Chem</i> 185 (2): 781–7. </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><strong>PMID</strong></span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><strong> </strong></span><a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14774424" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><strong>14774424</strong></span></a><span class="printonly"><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #0000cc; font-family: inherit;"><strong>. </strong></span></span></span></blockquote>
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The Calvin cycle originates from Calvin's unrefereed lecture delivered on October 20, 1955, a few months after Fong graduated with the Class of 1955 from St. Louis Boys School in Hong Kong. A year later, in 1956, when Fong matriculated from Wah Yan College, Hong Kong, this unrefereed lecture appeared in print, <strong>Calvin, M. (1956)</strong> J. Chem. Soc. 1956, 1895, the progeny of a <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><strong><span style="color: #b45f06;">work of fiction</span></strong></a> by a Purdue instructor by the name of Dale Margerum depicting the Berkeley group's experiments contrary to Calvin's original papers on reductive carbon fixation.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj9sROkwQ6DFdmEtlWl8WoouWyjdJyc2ZektKf0TSv3CXoib2KiaPPjeLrQExWbc38D3mf89dDYlTwOy5SFLjX9bQEqvDf2Iib7QlpUKfrWdAlRK9AzLbLTPEZ6U5txbU1RdmVj06bbK0/s1600/Calvin+Benson+Fong+Bassham.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" closure_uid_hzpy="4" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj9sROkwQ6DFdmEtlWl8WoouWyjdJyc2ZektKf0TSv3CXoib2KiaPPjeLrQExWbc38D3mf89dDYlTwOy5SFLjX9bQEqvDf2Iib7QlpUKfrWdAlRK9AzLbLTPEZ6U5txbU1RdmVj06bbK0/s320/Calvin+Benson+Fong+Bassham.jpg" style="height: 299px; width: 250px;" width="268" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fig.3. Benson's letter of May 1981 to Fong:</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><strong>Fong's uncovering of the Calvin cycle: From left,</strong><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><u><strong><span style="color: red;">Calvin, Benson</span></strong></u> </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><strong>(1954), </strong><strong>Fong (1959) and Bassham.</strong></span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Calvin cycle unraveled through the decades, Fig.3. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>In 1955, Wilson, A.T. and Calvin, M. (1955)</strong> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 5948-5957, Calvin showed </span></span><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/fong-corroborates-calvin.php"><strong><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">experimental proof</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> of the designation, in <strong>Calvin, M. and Massini, P. (1952),</strong> Experientia 8, 445-484, of the carboxylation reaction as a light reaction.</span> </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">I</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">n 1958-59, Fong found that</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span><strong>Calvin, M. (1956)</strong> J. Chem. Soc. 1956, 1895, was based on the <em>Chem. & Eng. News </em></span><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><strong><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">story</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">, contrary to <strong>Wilson and Calvin (1955) </strong>and <strong>Calvin and Massini (1952)</strong>.</span> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">That year, in </span></span><a href="https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3qF7wEqlXQWMDBmN2YwMmYtMmY5Zi00OWNiLWFiZDgtYjJiYmNkZjU4YTRi&hl=en"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><strong>Calvin & Pon (1959)</strong></span></span></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">, J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 54, Suppl. 1, at 65-</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">67, Calvin concluded that RuBisCO, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase, is possibly not the enzyme for the observed reductive splitting, reaction (L); that, in fact, "the reductive splitting of the intermediate carboxylation product might very well require a reducing system as yet unknown."</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">A year later, <span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><strong>Bassham, J.A. and Kirk, M. (1960)</strong> Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 43, 447-464</span></span> confirmed <strong>Calvin and Pon (1959)</strong>.</span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Meanwhile, </span></span>Benson continued to espouse the dark reaction cycle, Fig.3. It turned out that Benson was </span><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=calvin's%20nobel%20lecture&source=web&cd=10&sqi=2&ved=0CFoQFjAJ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2975057%2F&ei=HI6uTpyhJ-GIsAKR4pj-Dg&usg=AFQjCNFdMkriiZS0ujQ5RYNZ6F3xMjQyLA"><strong><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">dismissed by Calvin</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> in December 1954. Presumably, Calvin thereafter kept Benson in the dark as to the Berkley group's experimental findings dating from <strong>Wilson and Calvin (1955).</strong></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Fong's model for photosynthesis</span></strong></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioy_Zv6fT8-F4Dk3c4OcBMTwZa-YyHXAzA5RncV9Fdqb3SbBG2eG1QnbiEBeah2HOe8euRJkdl5TY85jN0kitj1GRNbxAml_f5XYvkCrftaoLn2P8657MUCwGlBTBBwu-8lQeI7LJV-EU/s1600/Francis++K_+Fong+1978+and+Melvin+Calvin+meet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioy_Zv6fT8-F4Dk3c4OcBMTwZa-YyHXAzA5RncV9Fdqb3SbBG2eG1QnbiEBeah2HOe8euRJkdl5TY85jN0kitj1GRNbxAml_f5XYvkCrftaoLn2P8657MUCwGlBTBBwu-8lQeI7LJV-EU/s400/Francis++K_+Fong+1978+and+Melvin+Calvin+meet.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<strong>Fig.4. DOE arranged for Fong and Calvin to discuss the Calvin cycle in view of Fong's </strong><br />
<strong>demonstration of red-light Photosynthesis of organic fuels from </strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><sub> </sub></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><strong>H<sub>2</sub>O and CO</strong></span><strong><sub>2</sub></strong>. </span></td></tr>
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During the early 1970's, Fong toured the Far East, visiting and giving lectures at Tsing Wah University, Taiwan, and the Chinese University, Hong Kong, on his statistical quantum mechanical theories of molecular relaxation and rare-earth upconversion experiments. There he crossed paths with Calvin, who gave highly publicized lectures on his energy scheme for planting sugarcane for conversion to ethanol as an alternative energy.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia8EE4s979S4zXnAz-T9oov0mZ9qmuZ4WYsGH0n2BHHE7HNbvh04iUXcnkXU7UqERSskx7VSlf0iZqJYdk5T2CnhkIF51Wotlw0wOhmOFjkXDZud4xq5q0keUbNM7lrgbi7eCJrCpezJw/s1600/PNAS+3-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia8EE4s979S4zXnAz-T9oov0mZ9qmuZ4WYsGH0n2BHHE7HNbvh04iUXcnkXU7UqERSskx7VSlf0iZqJYdk5T2CnhkIF51Wotlw0wOhmOFjkXDZud4xq5q0keUbNM7lrgbi7eCJrCpezJw/s400/PNAS+3-4.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<strong>Fig.5. Fong, Francis K. (1974) PNAS, 71, 3692-3695.</strong></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrctYCANiudQ597wbozT_GsI5Toi1j86ak0rulfsD5CY7Frpj6V53-sIaZt8aGYxys0cKJ5iVW7oIIJuU-BNLw01QmNA-9XpqaPlLEvY42_T-LFA2ytzuOY558NGaF3W48OK1bZtKDyHs/s1600/Chl+a.H2O+dimer+adduct.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrctYCANiudQ597wbozT_GsI5Toi1j86ak0rulfsD5CY7Frpj6V53-sIaZt8aGYxys0cKJ5iVW7oIIJuU-BNLw01QmNA-9XpqaPlLEvY42_T-LFA2ytzuOY558NGaF3W48OK1bZtKDyHs/s400/Chl+a.H2O+dimer+adduct.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Fig.6. The C<sub><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></sub>-symmetric</strong> <strong>Chl a reaction center</strong>.</td></tr>
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Upon return to West Lafayette, Fong published his first paper on photosynthesis. <strong>Fong, Francis K. (1974)</strong> "Molecular Basis for the Photosynthetic Primary Process," <strong></strong>Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 71, 3692-3695, Fig.5.<br />
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In <strong>Fong (1974)</strong>, he predicted that the chlorophyll a reaction in photosynthesis is a C<sub><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></sub>-symmetric adduct structurally similar to the hydrated Chl a dimer, in which the two Chl a molecules are cross-linked by Chl a carbonyl-water hydrogen bonds, with the water oxygens coordinated to the Chl a Mg atoms, Fig.6.<br />
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In this paper, Fong proposed an exciton model for a two-photon interaction, Fig.7. A singlet-triplet annihilation, enhanced by symmetry selection rules in a C<sub><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></sub>-symmetric chlorophyll a dimeric adduct, enables the red-light upconversion photoexcitation of the reaction center Chl a dimer. Thereby, the photosynthetic primary process is activated for the reduction of <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">CO<sub><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></sub></span> by the water to make organic fuels.<br />
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Significantly, the reaction center structure of bacterial photosynthesis and that of the PS II reaction center, that which is responsible for the water splitting reaction in plant photosynthesis, <a href="http://www.photobiology.info/Yocum-PRC.html"><strong><span style="color: #cc0000;">have since been found</span></strong></a> to be C<sub><span style="font-size: small;">2</span></sub>-symmetric dimeric adducts. <br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Discussions at Asilomar - molecular model and sugarcanes</span></strong></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDkFbCijGIpuD821J1fyTAPvn2mqAlLzjanclOdep-qicpsnXc2wX8tkG5xOt2D-XzyW4HjNrJW8znJhHF5RAl-1tSPRgRTSF8p9c4evcqEx1aTL64fYgUm7_3lfwvmlgx1TOzit2jZow/s1600/Singlet-Triplet+Upconversion+Photoexcitation+in+C2+Chlorophyll+adduct.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDkFbCijGIpuD821J1fyTAPvn2mqAlLzjanclOdep-qicpsnXc2wX8tkG5xOt2D-XzyW4HjNrJW8znJhHF5RAl-1tSPRgRTSF8p9c4evcqEx1aTL64fYgUm7_3lfwvmlgx1TOzit2jZow/s400/Singlet-Triplet+Upconversion+Photoexcitation+in+C2+Chlorophyll+adduct.jpg" width="290" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Fig.7. Photon upconversion in <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">C<sub>2</sub></span></span> Chl a adduct</strong>.</td></tr>
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Based on his theoretical model, during the second half of the 1970's, Fong and his co-workers <a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/nsf-biophysics-program-director-martin.html"><strong><span style="color: #cc0000;">demonstrated in vitro</span></strong></a> the red-light photosynthetic chlorophyll water splitting and carbon reduction reactions. <br />
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This demonstration, in 1978, was important, because at that time it was generally believed that red light did not support sufficient "emf at pH 7" to reduce carbon dioxide with the hydrogen from water to make polyatomic organic matter. <br />
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In 1978, Energy Department Deputy Energy Research Director Doug Pewitt sent Fong, as a DOE observer, to attend the DOE-sponsored conference featuring Calvin's energy scheme for growing sugarcane plants in Brazil for solar conversion as an alternative energy. The conference took place at Asilomar, California. <br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">There Fong visited with Calvin, then head of LRL Chemical Biodynamics, who</span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> concluded in </span><a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1961/calvin-lecture.html"><strong><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: inherit;">Calvin, M. (1964)</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> "The path of carbon in photosynthesis." <strong>The Nobel Lecture</strong><em>,</em> delivered on December 11, 1961<em>,</em> From Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1942–1962. Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp 618–644</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> at 638:</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">"Here [<span style="color: blue;"><strong>in reaction (D)</strong></span>] the intermediate is split by hydrolysis to two molecules of phosphoglyceric acid. However, in our earlier work the possibility of a reductive fission [<span style="color: blue;"><strong>in reaction (L)</strong></span>] at the same point to give one molecule of triose and one molecule of phosphoglyceric acid was considered. It was rejected in favor of the hydrolytic splitting because of our failure to find any evidence of the intermediate. However,<strong><em> </em>more recent, very careful kinetic analysis of the carbon flow rates by Dr. James A. Bassham has suggested that the reductive split may indeed participate in the reaction to some extent while the light is actually on</strong>."</span> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">(emphasis in bold added)</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">At Asilomar, Fong directed his discussion with Calvin to a question of the DOE-sponsored conference on Calvin's scheme for planting sugarcanes in Brazil, rather than the dark photosynthesis of organic fuels from water and carbon dioxide. After all, didn't Calvin in <strong>Calvin, M. (1956) </strong>promise the world of such photosynthesis? Given that Calvin and Fong were in agreement that photosynthetic carbon reduction, in vivo or in vitro, was neither dark nor cyclic, the discussion on sugarcanes was not particularly productive; and Fong and Calvin turned to tracing the Calvin cycle to its extraordinary </span><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/12/senator-lugars-connections-to-chicago.html"><strong><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">origins</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">: <span style="font-family: inherit;">Purdue trustees' </span><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><strong><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: inherit;">development with MIT</span></strong></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> of the Blue-Book formula, which availed federal reimbursements from federal funding of the Calvin cycle and Purdue-Calumet Development Foundation's East Chicago Federal Loan and Grant Contract for </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/12/senator-lugars-connections-to-chicago.html"><strong><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">financing the Munster Plains development</span></span></strong></a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">.</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span>Warned Calvin, "I had no choice in the matter. You have a large following now. But unless you go along, 'they' can, and will, terminate your research."</span></span><br />
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Calvin and Fong - the final agreement</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><strong>Calvin</strong><strong>, M.</strong><strong> (1964)</strong> at<strong> </strong>639, Fig.20, Calvin ruled out the hydrolytic splitting in favor of an asymmetric reductive fission of the intermediate to yield one molecule of PGA, phosphoglyceric acid, and one molecule of the triose PGL, glyceraldehyde phosphate. Calvin's reductive path of carbon is reproduced below, Fig.8(A).</span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In 1988, Fong in</span> <strong>Fong, Francis K. and Butcher, Karen A. (1988)</strong> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 150, 399-404, showed the non-equivalence of the "upper" and "lower" 3-C fragments in the 6-C intermediate. In 1989, Fong et al published a<strong> </strong></span><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/calvin-cycle.php"><strong><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">molecular mechansim</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><strong> </strong>for the reductive path of carbon in photosynthesis reproduced above in Fig.8(B). <strong>F.K. Fong, K.A. Butcher, A. Agostiano, M. Della Monica, M.S. Showell, and J. V. Schloss (1989)</strong>, "Coupling Between the Light and Dark Reactions of Oxygen Evolution and <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">CO<sub>2 </sub></span>Fixation in Photosynthesis: Early Experiments in Photosynthesis Revisited," in <em>Enzymatic and Model Carboxylation and<strong> </strong>Reduction Reactions for Carbon Dioxide Utilization</em>, Eds. M. Aresta and J.V. Schloss, Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences - Vol. 314, NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In Fig.8(B), carbon fixation in photosynthesis is regulated in two kinetically coupled pathways. They involve a pair of non-equivalent, enzyme-bound PGA molecules obtained from RuBP carboxylation. The first is a non-cyclic pathway for the direct biosynthesis of sucrose from the ["lower"] 3-PGA obtained from the C-3, C-4 and C-5 fragment of the six-carbon carboxylation adduct. The second involves the Mg2+-bound ["upper"] 3-PGA molecule formed from the C-1, C-2 and C-2' fragment of the 6-C intermediate, which is released and subsequently reduced, with the intervention of the NADPH and ATP - in a Calvin-cycle-like metabolic path - to regenerate the RuBP. Thus, Fong and Calvin came into complete agreement as to the asymmetric split of the 6-C intermediate into one molecule of PGA and one molecule of triose, as shown in Fig.8, which displays side-by-side the final conclusions of (A) <strong>Calvin (1964)</strong> and (B) <strong>Fong et al (1989)</strong>. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDGJAmuFwhc_4YSiwHVGm-wN4y3uj-iZnla-37zzXZ8I4C2K8eskw2OYihL6AeVb2H5APlZaVo6lvwBM8r0EoshV9BvZGfESerggMN6zx4EZhLA3euv-Weepm_L6TqWBE6dpCs8h9rTxI/s1600/Photoreductive+splitting+to+triose+and+PGA+A+Calvin+B+Fong.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDGJAmuFwhc_4YSiwHVGm-wN4y3uj-iZnla-37zzXZ8I4C2K8eskw2OYihL6AeVb2H5APlZaVo6lvwBM8r0EoshV9BvZGfESerggMN6zx4EZhLA3euv-Weepm_L6TqWBE6dpCs8h9rTxI/s400/Photoreductive+splitting+to+triose+and+PGA+A+Calvin+B+Fong.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig.8. (A) Calvin (1961); (B) Fong et al (1989).</span> </strong></div>
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For the National Science Foundation's finding of 1989 for Fong's discovery of the Calvin cycle, backed by the disclosures of National Science Board members Steven C. Beering and France A. Cordova, of how the Calvin cycle was established contrary to Calvin's finding of the light carboxylation reaction, please go to NSFfunding.com's Synopsis site, the <a href="http://nsffunding.com/"><strong><span style="color: #cc0000;">Calvin Cycle Website</span></strong></a>.</div>
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By this finding of the NSF, as of 1989, all questions as to the Calvin cycle being an extraordinary NSF fraud case were, or should have been, settled. As it turned out, Fong was wanting in a yet another branch of learning, that of the <a href="http://fongpublicationslist.blogspot.com/2010/01/how-nsffundingcoms-home-page-was.html"><strong><span style="color: red;">economic model</span></strong></a> for public corruption pioneered by Richard A. Posner.<br />
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Fong has since penetrated this final branch of learning. It remains to be seen whether time has at long last arrived for a reckoning of the strange life span of the Calvin cycle, a modern wonder of doing photosynthesis in the dark, an improbable achievement, a Ponzi scheme of unparalleled dimensions - against all odds and common experience - and all experimental observations and theoretical calculations. <br />
<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12877068353808561816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7647826140700304496.post-24487892896981069622009-12-17T16:14:00.000-08:002011-11-08T04:17:41.202-08:00The Calvin Cycle and Photosynthesis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: right;"></div>For the National Science Foundation's explanation how the Calvin cycle was established contrary to Calvin et al's finding of the light carboxylation reaction, go to NSFfunding.com's <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><strong><span style="color: orange;">Synopsis site</span></strong></a>.<br />
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On this post, the author Francis K. Fong provides, in Section A, a summary of what today is known as the Calvin cycle; and in Section B, what according to Calvin's original papers - on the Berkeley group's finding from their C-14 tracer studies of the reductive path of carbon in photosynthesis supported by Fong and his coworkers' publications in the permanent literature - is the experimental finding of caron fixation in photosynthesis.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDdYcmVqSb_eSAcVdjtp6a5_O_7t7DptCF2VPPnYkB_-HL7zysqYOX_FQjJKzzJns4Jkr8aVaRtzY8EC_oSL7MbX26qB_EK8w76PoT2wdJQaYiud_daRkOGidBsQfQxGyXuf8mwmVRS34/s1600/calvin+cycle.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDdYcmVqSb_eSAcVdjtp6a5_O_7t7DptCF2VPPnYkB_-HL7zysqYOX_FQjJKzzJns4Jkr8aVaRtzY8EC_oSL7MbX26qB_EK8w76PoT2wdJQaYiud_daRkOGidBsQfQxGyXuf8mwmVRS34/s400/calvin+cycle.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig.A. The Calvin cycle: Fig.18 of Calvin's Nobel Lecture, left; Wikipedia's represenation, right.</td></tr>
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In Fig.A, the <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Calvin-cycle3.png/699px-Calvin-cycle3.png"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>Wikipedia's schematic representation</strong></span></a> of the Calvin cycle is shown. This and literally hundreds of others shown online and in the print media differ from Calvin et al's published findings in the permanent literature, that, in photosynthesis, the addition of one molecule of CO2 to the 5-carbon RuBP yields one 3-carbon molecule of phosphoglycerate, PGA and the other of phosphoglyceraldehyde, PGL, Fig.B.<br />
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<div align="center"><strong>A. The Calvin Cycle</strong></div><br />
The Calvin cycle denotes<strong> </strong><a href="http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/calvin.html"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>the photosynthetic dark reaction</strong>s</span></a>. It is NSF's Dark Photosynthesis Funding Standard (DPFS), which the Foundation and the author Franis K. Fong have <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: orange;"><strong> sought to correct for the past three decades</strong></span></a>. <br />
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The Calvin cycle requires that photosynthesis in green plants or algae, the reduction in sunlight of carbon dioxide by water to organic matter: <br />
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H2O + CO2 → organic fuel + O2<br />
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occurs in the dark.<br />
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font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">In photosynthesis, the initial step of carbon fixation is the addition of a carbon dioxide molecule to a 5-C molecule, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), to yield a 6-C intermediate.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In the Calvin cycle, the splitting of the 6-C intermediate into two molecules of PGA, <span style="color: #444444;">D-glycerate-3-phosphate is</span> followed by reduction of the PGA by NADPH (<span style="color: #444444;">the reduced form of NADP+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)</span> and energy (of the "<span style="color: #444444;">high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds" of</span> ATP, <span style="color: #444444;">adenosine triphosphate)</span> from the "chlorophyll light reactions" of the<strong> </strong></span><a href="http://photochemicaltheoryofphotosynthesis.blogspot.com/2010/04/cordovas-finding-investigation-of-nsf.html"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;"><strong>Z scheme</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #220033;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: #330000;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: green; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The Calvin cycle initiates with the dark CO2 fixation reaction, in which the CO2 is not reduced to the sugar oxidation level. It is the carboxylation reaction, in which the addition of 1 molecule of CO2 to 1 molecule of the RuBP to form, in the dark, 2 molecules of PGA: <br />
<br />
RuBP + CO2 → 2 PGA (1) <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The PGA molecules are then reduced, in the dark, by 4 [H] (hydrogen equivalents) from the NADPH to PGL:</span> <br />
<br />
2PGA + 4[H] → 2 PGL (2) <br />
<br />
Thereafter, PGL undergoes condensation to regenerate the RuBP, and a new cycle begins. <br />
<br />
In photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle or the dark reaction cycle is regulated by two chlorophyll light reactions called photosystems in the Z scheme. The light reactions convert the energy of light as “high energy” phosphoanhydride bonds of ATP, and as reducing power NADP+ to NADPH. This is known as "photophosphorylation." In the dark reaction pathway, the free energy for cleavage of -P bonds in ATP and the reducing power of NADPH are said to be used to reduce CO2 to form biomass.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><strong>B. Photosynthesis: Light and Dark Reactions</strong> </div><br />
The photophosphorylation reactionns yielding ATP and NADPH are photosynthetic dark reations, the after reactions for converting or storing excess energy from the primary chlorophyll light reactions in photosynthesis. <br />
<br />
<br />
In the late 1970's, after Fong and his co-workers demonstrated the in vitro chlorophyll water-splitting and carbon-reduction reactions, the late Dan Arnon, the foremost researcher in photophosphorylation, invited Fong to a weeklong visit at Berkeley. Arnon had wanted to win the Nobel Prize, but the Nobel Committee did not award the Prize to plant physiologists. Arnon wanted to see if Fong could collaborate with him on some basis of mutual interest. For an historical perspective on Fong's research papers, as they relate to the research at LRL - as seen through the eyes of the leading worker in dark photosyntehsis research, of which photophosphorylation is the essential process, refer to Daniel Israel Arnon Papers, BANC MSS 99/315 c, The Bancroft Library, Berkeley. Series 1: Correspondence, 1938-1994—Benson, Andrew A. 1955-1973 (ctn. 1, folder 32); Calvin, Melvin 1957-1987 (ctn.1, folder 76); Fong, Francis K. 1977-1979 (ctn. 2, folder 28); Horecker, Bernard L. 1954-1973 (ctn. 2, folder 81); and Kamen, Martin David 1960-1989 (ctn. 3, folder 2). <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">For practically the entire duration of the Berkeley group's C-14 tracer studies, from 1952 to 1959, Calvin et al reported in their original papers that carboxylation of the RuBP in the light results in direct reduction of the carbon dioxide to sugar. <em>See</em>, <strong>Calvin,M. and Massini,P.</strong> <strong>(1952)</strong> Experientia 8, 445-484; <strong>Wilson,A.T. and Calvin,M</strong>. (1955) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 5948-5957; <strong>Bassham, J.A., Shibata, K., Steenberg, K., Bourdon, J. and Calvin, M.</strong> <strong>(1956)</strong> J. Am. Chem. Soc., 78, 4120-4124; <strong>Vishniac, W., Horecker, B.L., and Ochoa, S. (1957)</strong> Adv. Enzymol. 19, 1-77; <strong>Bassham, J.A. and Calvin, M. (1957)</strong> "The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis," Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.; <strong>Calvin, M. and Pon, N.G. (1959)</strong> J. Cellular Comp. Physiol., 54, Suppl. 1, 51-74; and <strong>Bassham, J.A. and Kirk, M. (1960)</strong> Biochim. Biophys.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;">In Calvin and Pon (1959), the final paper of Calvin's C-14 tracer studies listed above, he concluded that RuBisCO, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase, is possibly not the enzyme for carbon fixation in plants; that, in fact, photosynthesis may occur via a reductive system as yet unknown. By 1961, the "very careful kinetic analysis" by Bassham et al presumably left no room for doubting the correctness of that conclusion. No reasonable grounds existed for Calvin to "reject" reaction (L). <span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Indeed, he inserted in his Nobel Lecture, at Fig.20, a schematic representation of the reductive splitting into one molecule of PGA and the other, PGL, <span style="font-family: Arial;">glyceraldehyde phosphate, a 3-C sugar. Calvin's reductive path of carbon is reproduced below,</span> Fig.B(A), where<span style="font-family: Arial;"> reaction (L) is given by the dashed arrow.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlZ9uqepCgqF9GLGuYU6CuYv9jIGKjjTTwLn11hQ61vNSgBu9k-ssraLgSj8KE7egrPxPEtCnqK7-nt2wBVbUoBOwmXQzYMQWSiwInzQeUTUw5rdFeNbLW8Jm2uzs2ArtN9g7riG0O84A/s1600/Photoreductive+splitting+to+triose+and+PGA+A+Calvin+B+Fong.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlZ9uqepCgqF9GLGuYU6CuYv9jIGKjjTTwLn11hQ61vNSgBu9k-ssraLgSj8KE7egrPxPEtCnqK7-nt2wBVbUoBOwmXQzYMQWSiwInzQeUTUw5rdFeNbLW8Jm2uzs2ArtN9g7riG0O84A/s400/Photoreductive+splitting+to+triose+and+PGA+A+Calvin+B+Fong.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Fig.B. Reductive path of carbon in photosynthesis: Calvin (1961); Fong (1989)</strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<br />
<div align="left"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">In 1988, Fong and Butcher showed the non-equivalence of the "upper" and "lower" 3-C fragments in the 6-C intermediate. See, <span style="font-family: inherit;">Fong, Francis K. and Butcher, Karen A. (1988) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 150, 399-404.</span> </span><br />
<br />
</div><div align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Based on this showing, Fong et al, in 1989, published the reductive path of carbon in photosynthesis, which is reporduced above in Fig.B(B). F.K. Fong, K.A. Butcher, A. Agostiano, M. Della Monica, M.S. Showell, and J. V. Schloss (1989), "Coupling Between the Light and Dark Reactions of Oxygen Evolution and CO2 Fixation in Photosynthesis: Early Experiments in Photosynthesis Revisited," in <em>Enzymatic and Model Carboxylation and Reduction Reactions for Carbon Dioxide Utilization</em>, Eds. M. Aresta and J.V. Schloss, Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences - Vol. 314, NATO ASI Series Asvanced Science Institutes Series, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrect/Boston/London.</span></div><br />
For an outline of the patterned activity for making of the Calvin cycle from a <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/01%20Chem.%20Eng.%20News,%2007-55.jpg"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>news story</strong></span></a><span style="color: orange;"> </span>released 7-4-55 by Purdue instructor Dale W. Margerum, go to <a href="http://nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: red;"><strong>NSFfunding.com's Home Page</strong></span></a>.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12877068353808561816noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7647826140700304496.post-75970932990931783832009-12-10T10:06:00.000-08:002011-06-14T09:04:33.115-07:00The Fong-Butcher Model : Photoreductive Carboxylation in Photosynthesis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
For the National Science Foundation's explanation of how the Calvin cycle was established contrary to Calvin et al's finding of the light carboxylation reaction, go to NSFfunding.com's <a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/"><span style="color: orange;"><strong>Synopsis site</strong></span></a>.<br />
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In 1995-96, along the lines of a molecular mechanism the author Francis K. Fong proposed for chlorophyll photosynthesis in plants, Nick Winograd demonstrated(1) the conversion of sunlight into electricity, a photogalvanic (photovoltaic) effect. Fong proposed the two hydration states of the chlorophyll; Winograd showed experimentally that chlorohpyll a dihydrate was the photoreactive species. In 1978-79, Fong and Galloway demonstrated that the photogalvanic conversion by Winograd was in vitro a result of the chlorophyll water splitting reaction.(2) In 1979, in CO2-saturated solutions, Fong and co-workers showed that this water splitting reaction resulted in photoreduction of carbon to organic fuels.(3) In the course of this activity Diestler and Fong invoked the Born-Oppenheimer adiabatic approximation in formulating a nonequilibrium theory of chemical rate processes in condensed media. Here, the photoactivation of a "reactive complex" results in either deactivation through non-radiative multiphon transitions to the ground state or yield the primary photochemical products. <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/Butcher%20photo.jpg?timestamp=1308060525906" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="218" src="http://www.nsffunding.com/resources/Butcher%20photo.jpg?timestamp=1308060525906" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br />
On completion of the Fong-Butcher pathway: from left, Angela Agostiano, Karen Butcher, the auther and Margareta Fong</td></tr>
</tbody></table>Appropriately, this theory was used to understand the chlorophyll photosynthetic reaction in green plants based on Calvin et el's finding of the light carboxylation reaction, leading to the noncyclic light reaction described by Fong and Butcher,(13) a schematical representation of which is shown below.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj03hNSWEG5NlEw-ntPX2Gmmx0luMUE7fdHCGfvI_K-6GkH1YHMttz4mUzjGm73-oJFDstewPuUT08Z4fPWCbz1L5x2VimmnrZ74SimBWpJ781D_mBr23mBrtYaH6P-OeTZs-y-4jJL7x8/s1600-h/carbon+path1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="352" ps="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj03hNSWEG5NlEw-ntPX2Gmmx0luMUE7fdHCGfvI_K-6GkH1YHMttz4mUzjGm73-oJFDstewPuUT08Z4fPWCbz1L5x2VimmnrZ74SimBWpJ781D_mBr23mBrtYaH6P-OeTZs-y-4jJL7x8/s400/carbon+path1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Fong-Butcher pathway</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Significantly, the non-cyclic photoreductive carboxylation reaction in photosynthesis was peer-reviewed for publication by Bernie Horecker, who first demonstrated the in vitro RuBP carboxylation reaction,(7) on which was based the Calvin cycle. The Fong-Butcher model provides a detailed mechanism for the asymmetric reductive carboxylation system in photosyntehsis reported by Calvin and his co-workers. The 5-carbon ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) picks up a CO2 molecule to make the 6-carbon adduct, which splits into two non-equivalent PGA (phosphyglycerate) fragments. A non-cyclic pathway is suggested for the direct biosynthesis of sucrose from the 3-PGA freed from C-3, C-4 and C-5 of the six-carbon adduct. Concomitant to the appearance of sucrose as the principal product, an Mg2+-bound 3-PGA molecule from C-1, C-2 and C-2' of the C6 intermediate is generated and enters into a cyclic path to regenerates the RuBP.</div><br />
There exists a steady-state reaction cycle, which mediates the noncyclic path of succrose synthesis and oxygen evolution. This cycle resembles the Calvin cycle, except that, instead of the two molecules of PGA, the two 3-carbon fragments from the splitting of the 6-carbon CO2-RuBP adduct are not the same, one being PGA and the other, PGL. The steady-state rection cycle exists only in the light. On transition from the conditions of light to darkness, it along with its reaction intermediates decay exponnentially to zero.<br />
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As long ago as 1845, Mayer recognized the role of sunlight as a source of energy for photosyntehsis, the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to organic matter. See, Lundegarth, H.: "On Oxidation of Cytochrome f by Light," Physiol. Plantarum, 7, 375-382 (954). <br />
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For von Baeyer's original paper on photosynthesis, <em>see</em>, Baeyer, A.: "Ueber die Wasserentziehung urd ihre Bedeutung fur das Pflanzenleben und die Gahrung,"" Ber. deut. chem. Ges., 3, 63-75 (1870). Reviewed in <em>Photosynthesis and Related Processes</em>, I, E. I. Rabinowitch, New York.<br />
Interscience Publishers, p. 246 (1945).<br />
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